PD‑L1/PD‑1 blockade in breast cancer: The immunotherapy era (Review)
- Authors:
- Chia‑Jung Li
- Li‑Te Lin
- Ming‑Feng Hou
- Pei‑Yi Chu
-
Affiliations: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C., Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung‑Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C., School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan, R.O.C. - Published online on: November 3, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2020.7831
- Pages: 5-12
This article is mentioned in:
Abstract
Seyfried TN and Huysentruyt LC: On the origin of cancer metastasis. Crit Rev Oncog. 18:43–73. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Harbeck N, Penault-Llorca F, Cortes J, Gnant M, Houssami N, Poortmans P, Ruddy K, Tsang J and Cardoso F: Breast cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 5:662019. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Nowicki TS, Hu-Lieskovan S and Ribas A: Mechanisms of resistance to PD-1 and PD-L1 blockade. Cancer J. 24:47–53. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Ju X, Zhang H, Zhou Z and Wang Q: Regulation of PD-L1 expression in cancer and clinical implications in immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res. 10:1–11. 2020. | |
Feng Y, Spezia M, Huang S, Yuan C, Zeng Z, Zhang L, Ji X, Liu W, Huang B, Luo W, et al: Breast cancer development and progression: Risk factors, cancer stem cells, signaling pathways, genomics, and molecular pathogenesis. Genes Dis. 5:77–106. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Zhang Z, Zhou L, Xie N, Nice EC, Zhang T, Cui Y and Huang C: Overcoming cancer therapeutic bottleneck by drug repurposing. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 5:1132020. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Li CJ, Liao WT, Wu MY and Chu PY: New insights into the role of autophagy in tumor immune microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci. 18:15662017. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Schreiber RD, Old LJ and Smyth MJ: Cancer immunoediting: Integrating immunitys roles in cancer suppression and promotion. Science. 331:1565–1570. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Couzin-Frankel J: Breakthrough of the year 2013. Cancer immunotherapy. Science. 342:1432–1433. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Dong Y, Sun Q and Zhang X: PD-1 and its ligands are important immune checkpoints in cancer. Oncotarget. 8:2171–2186. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Matsushita M and Kawaguchi M: Immunomodulatory effects of drugs for effective cancer immunotherapy. J Oncol. 2018:86534892018. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Lin SC, Chu PY, Liao WT, Wu MY, Tsui KH, Lin LT, Huang CH, Chen LL and Li CJ: Glycyrrhizic acid induces human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell death and autophagy via the ROS-mitochondrial pathway. Oncol Rep. 39:703–710. 2018. | |
Song Y, He L, Wang Y, Wu Q and Huang W: Molecularly targeted therapy and immunotherapy for hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer (review). Oncol Rep. 44:3–13. 2020. | |
Chew V, Toh HC and Abastado JP: Immune microenvironment in tumor progression: Characteristics and challenges for therapy. J Oncol. 2012:6084062012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Chen SN, Chang R, Lin LT, Chern CU, Tsai HW, Wen ZH, Li YH, Li CJ and Tsui KH: MicroRNA in ovarian cancer: Biology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic opportunities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16:15102019. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Li YT, Lee WL and Tsui KH: Endometrial thickness still presents a best reference to predict endometrial cancer. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 55:148–149. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Wu MY, Yiang GT, Cheng PW, Chu PY and Li CJ: Molecular targets in hepatocarcinogenesis and implications for therapy. J Clin Med. 7:2132018. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Xia A, Zhang Y, Xu J, Yin T and Lu XJ: T cell dysfunction in cancer immunity and immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 10:17192019. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Mahoney KM, Rennert PD and Freeman GJ: Combination cancer immunotherapy and new immunomodulatory targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 14:561–584. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Roncati L: Microsatellite instability predicts response to anti-PD1 immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 26:341–343. 2018. | |
Ribas A: Tumor immunotherapy directed at PD-1. N Engl J Med. 366:2517–2519. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Okazaki T and Honjo T: The PD-1-PD-L pathway in immunological tolerance. Trends Immunol. 27:195–201. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Sun H, Sun C and Xiao W: Expression regulation of co-inhibitory molecules on human natural killer cells in response to cytokine stimulations. Cytokine. 65:33–41. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Hirsch I, Janovec V, Stranska R and Bendriss-Vermare N: Cross talk between inhibitory immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-signaling and toll-like receptor pathways in macrophages and dendritic cells. Front Immunol. 8:3942017. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Pedoeem A, Azoulay-Alfaguter I, Strazza M, Silverman GJ and Mor A: Programmed death-1 pathway in cancer and autoimmunity. Clin Immunol. 153:145–152. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Okazaki T and Honjo T: PD-1 and PD-1 ligands: From discovery to clinical application. Int Immunol. 19:813–824. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Nawaf MG, Ulvmar MH, Withers DR, McConnell FM, Gaspal FM, Webb GJ, Jones ND, Yagita H, Allison JP and Lane PJ: Concurrent OX40 and CD30 ligand blockade abrogates the CD4-driven autoimmunity associated with CTLA4 and PD1 blockade while preserving excellent anti-CD8 tumor immunity. J Immunol. 199:974–981. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Homet Moreno B and Ribas A: Anti-programmed cell death protein-1/ligand-1 therapy in different cancers. Br J Cancer. 112:1421–1427. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Chiu HC, Li CJ, Yiang GT, Tsai AP and Wu MY: Epithelial to mesenchymal transition and cell biology of molecular regulation in endometrial carcinogenesis. J Clin Med. 8:4392019. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Tsui KH, Chiang AJ and Yu KJ: Urgent surgical intervention for ruptured ovarian endometrioma. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 51:3282012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Dai S, Jia R, Zhang X, Fang Q and Huang L: The PD-1/PD-Ls pathway and autoimmune diseases. Cell Immunol. 290:72–79. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Joshi S and Durden DL: Combinatorial approach to improve cancer immunotherapy: Rational drug design strategy to simultaneously hit multiple targets to kill tumor cells and to activate the immune system. J Oncol. 2019:52450342019. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Zhang M, Yang J, Zhou J, Gao W, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Wang H, Ruan Z and Ni B: Prognostic Values of CD38+CD101+PD1+CD8+ T cells in pancreatic cancer. Immunol Invest. 48:466–479. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Nguyen LT and Ohashi PS: Clinical blockade of PD1 and LAG3-potential mechanisms of action. Nat Rev Immunol. 15:45–56. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, Gettinger SN, Smith DC, McDermott DF, Powderly JD, Carvajal RD, Sosman JA, Atkins MB, et al: Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med. 366:2443–2454. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Reiss KA, Forde PM and Brahmer JR: Harnessing the power of the immune system via blockade of PD-1 and PD-L1: A promising new anticancer strategy. Immunotherapy. 6:459–475. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Powles T, Eder JP, Fine GD, Braiteh FS, Loriot Y, Cruz C, Bellmunt J, Burris HA, Petrylak DP, Teng SL, et al: MPDL3280A (anti-PD-L1) treatment leads to clinical activity in metastatic bladder cancer. Nature. 515:558–562. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Taube JM, Klein A, Brahmer JR, Xu H, Pan X, Kim JH, Chen L, Pardoll DM, Topalian SL and Anders R: Association of PD-1, PD-1 ligands, and other features of the tumor immune microenvironment with response to anti-PD-1 therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 20:5064–5074. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Garon EB, Rizvi NA, Hui R, Leighl N, Balmanoukian AS, Eder JP, Patnaik A, Aggarwal C, Gubens M, Horn L, et al: Pembrolizumab for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 372:2018–2028. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Koppel C, Schwellenbach H, Zielinski D, Eckstein S, Martin-Ortega M, D'Arrigo C, Schildhaus HU, Rüschoff J and Jasani B: Optimization and validation of PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining protocols using the antibody clone 28-8 on different staining platforms. Mod Pathol. 31:1630–1644. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Ilie M, Long-Mira E, Bence C, Butori C, Lassalle S, Bouhlel L, Fazzalari L, Zahaf K, Lalvée S, Washetine K, et al: Comparative study of the PD-L1 status between surgically resected specimens and matched biopsies of NSCLC patients reveal major discordances: A potential issue for anti-PD-L1 therapeutic strategies. Ann Oncol. 27:147–153. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Wu Z, Zhang L, Peng J, Xu S, Zhou L, Lin Y, Wang Y and Lu J, Yin W and Lu J: Predictive and prognostic value of PDL1 protein expression in breast cancer patients in neoadjuvant setting. Cancer Biol Ther. 20:941–947. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Gerlinger M, Rowan AJ, Horswell S, Math M, Larkin J, Endesfelder D, Gronroos E, Martinez P, Matthews N, Stewart A, et al: Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. N Engl J Med. 366:883–892. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
McLaughlin J, Han G, Schalper KA, Carvajal-Hausdorf D, Pelekanou V, Rehman J, Velcheti V, Herbst R, LoRusso P and Rimm DL: Quantitative assessment of the heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression in non-small-cell lung cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2:46–54. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Ilie M, Hofman V, Dietel M, Soria JC and Hofman P: Assessment of the PD-L1 status by immunohistochemistry: Challenges and perspectives for therapeutic strategies in lung cancer patients. Virchows Arch. 468:511–525. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Schalper KA, Velcheti V, Carvajal D, Wimberly H, Brown J, Pusztai L and Rimm DL: In situ tumor PD-L1 mRNA expression is associated with increased TILs and better outcome in breast carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res. 20:2773–2782. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Mazel M, Jacot W, Pantel K, Bartkowiak K, Topart D, Cayrefourcq L, Rossille D, Maudelonde T, Fest T and Alix-Panabières C: Frequent expression of PD-L1 on circulating breast cancer cells. Mol Oncol. 9:1773–1782. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Yue C, Jiang Y, Li P, Wang Y, Xue J, Li N, Li D, Wang R, Dang Y, Hu Z, et al: Dynamic change of PD-L1 expression on circulating tumor cells in advanced solid tumor patients undergoing PD-1 blockade therapy. Oncoimmunology. 7:e14381112018. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Acheampong E, Spencer I, Lin W, Ziman M, Millward M and Gray E: Is the blood an alternative for programmed cell death ligand 1 assessment in non-small cell lung cancer? Cancers (Basel). 11:9202019. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Marzec M, Zhang Q, Goradia A, Raghunath PN, Liu X, Paessler M, Wang HY, Wysocka M, Cheng M, Ruggeri BA and Wasik MA: Oncogenic kinase NPM/ALK induces through STAT3 expression of immunosuppressive protein CD274 (PD-L1, B7-H1). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105:20852–20857. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Tang J, Yu JX, Hubbard-Lucey VM, Neftelinov ST, Hodge JP and Lin Y: Trial watch: The clinical trial landscape for PD1/PDL1 immune checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 17:854–855. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Holz MK: The role of S6K1 in ER-positive breast cancer. Cell Cycle. 11:3159–3165. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Sridharan S and Basu A: Distinct roles of mTOR targets S6K1 and S6K2 in breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 21:11992020. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Crane CA, Panner A, Murray JC, Wilson SP, Xu H, Chen L, Simko JP, Waldman FM, Pieper RO and Parsa AT: PI(3) kinase is associated with a mechanism of immunoresistance in breast and prostate cancer. Oncogene. 28:306–312. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Jiang X, Zhou J, Giobbie-Hurder A, Wargo J and Hodi FS: The activation of MAPK in melanoma cells resistant to BRAF inhibition promotes PD-L1 expression that is reversible by MEK and PI3K inhibition. Clin Cancer Res. 19:598–609. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Ghebeh H, Lehe C, Barhoush E, Al-Romaih K, Tulbah A, Al-Alwan M, Hendrayani SF, Manogaran P, Alaiya A, Al-Tweigeri T, et al: Doxorubicin downregulates cell surface B7-H1 expression and upregulates its nuclear expression in breast cancer cells: Role of B7-H1 as an anti-apoptotic molecule. Breast Cancer Res. 12:R482010. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Peng J, Hamanishi J, Matsumura N, Abiko K, Murat K, Baba T, Yamaguchi K, Horikawa N, Hosoe Y, Murphy SK, et al: Chemotherapy induces programmed cell death-ligand 1 overexpression via the nuclear factor-κB to foster an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 75:5034–5045. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Uhercik M, Sanders AJ, Owen S, Davies EL, Sharma AK, Jiang WG and Mokbel K: Clinical significance of PD1 and PDL1 in human breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 37:4249–4254. 2017. | |
Twyman-Saint Victor C, Rech AJ, Maity A, Rengan R, Pauken KE, Stelekati E, Benci JL, Xu B, Dada H, Odorizzi PM, et al: Radiation and dual checkpoint blockade activate non-redundant immune mechanisms in cancer. Nature. 520:373–377. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Lv S, Wang S, Qiao G, Wang X, Zhou X, Yan F, Li Y, Wang S, Morse MA, Hobeika A, et al: Functional CD3+CD8+PD1− T cell accumulation and PD-L1 expression increases during tumor invasion in DCIS of the breast. Clin Breast Cancer. 19:e617–e623. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Beckers RK, Selinger CI, Vilain R, Madore J, Wilmott JS, Harvey K, Holliday A, Cooper CL, Robbins E, Gillett D, et al: Programmed death ligand 1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer is associated with tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and improved outcome. Histopathology. 69:25–34. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Mittendorf EA, Philips AV, Meric-Bernstam F, Qiao N, Wu Y, Harrington S, Su X, Wang Y, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Akcakanat A, et al: PD-L1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Res. 2:361–370. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Gatalica Z, Snyder C, Maney T, Ghazalpour A, Holterman DA, Xiao N, Overberg P, Rose I, Basu GD, Vranic S, et al: Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) in common cancers and their correlation with molecular cancer type. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 23:2965–2970. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Bertucci F, Finetti P, Colpaert C, Mamessier E, Parizel M, Dirix L, Viens P, Birnbaum D and van Laere S: PDL1 expression in inflammatory breast cancer is frequent and predicts for the pathological response to chemotherapy. Oncotarget. 6:13506–13519. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Sabatier R, Finetti P, Mamessier E, Adelaide J, Chaffanet M, Ali HR, Viens P, Caldas C, Birnbaum D and Bertucci F: Prognostic and predictive value of PDL1 expression in breast cancer. Oncotarget. 6:5449–5464. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Muenst S, Schaerli AR, Gao F, Däster S, Trella E, Droeser RA, Muraro MG, Zajac P, Zanetti R, Gillanders WE, et al: Expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is associated with poor prognosis in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 146:15–24. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Muenst S, Soysal SD, Gao F, Obermann EC, Oertli D and Gillanders WE: The presence of programmed death 1 (PD-1)-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is associated with poor prognosis in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 139:667–676. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Sun S, Fei X, Mao Y, Wang X, Garfield DH, Huang O, Wang J, Yuan F, Sun L, Yu Q, et al: PD-1(+) immune cell infiltration inversely correlates with survival of operable breast cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 63:395–406. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Pardoll DM: The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 12:252–264. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Hasan A, Ghebeh H, Lehe C, Ahmad R and Dermime S: Therapeutic targeting of B7-H1 in breast cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 15:1211–1225. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Lipson EJ, Forde PM, Hammers HJ, Emens LA, Taube JM and Topalian SL: Antagonists of PD-1 and PD-L1 in cancer treatment. Semin Oncol. 42:587–600. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Brahmer JR, Tykodi SS, Chow LQ, Hwu WJ, Topalian SL, Hwu P, Drake CG, Camacho LH, Kauh J, Odunsi K, et al: Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer. N Engl J Med. 366:2455–2465. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Wang Y, Zhang X, Yang L, Xue J and Hu G: Blockade of CCL2 enhances immunotherapeutic effect of anti-PD1 in lung cancer. J Bone Oncol. 11:27–32. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Stenehjem DD, Tran D, Nkrumah MA and Gupta S: PD1/PDL1 inhibitors for the treatment of advanced urothelial bladder cancer. Onco Targets Ther. 11:5973–5989. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Wagner MJ, Ricciotti RW, Mantilla J, Loggers ET, Pollack SM and Cranmer LD: Response to PD1 inhibition in conventional chondrosarcoma. J Immunother Cancer. 6:942018. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Neubert NJ, Schmittnaegel M, Bordry N, Nassiri S, Wald N, Martignier C, Tillé L, Homicsko K, Damsky W, Maby-El Hajjami H, et al: T cell-induced CSF1 promotes melanoma resistance to PD1 blockade. Sci Transl Med. 10:eaan33112018. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Pusztai L, Karn T, Safonov A, Abu-Khalaf MM and Bianchini G: New strategies in breast cancer: Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 22:2105–2110. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Nanda R, Chow LQM, Dees EC, Berger R, Gupta S, Geva R, Pusztai L, Pathiraja K, Aktan G, Cheng JD, et al: Pembrolizumab in patients with advanced triple-negative breast cancer: phase Ib KEYNOTE-012 study. J Clin Oncol. 34:2460–2467. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Emens LA: Breast cancer immunobiology driving immunotherapy: Vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 12:1597–1611. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Badr NM, Berditchevski F and Shaaban AM: The immune microenvironment in breast carcinoma: Predictive and prognostic role in the neoadjuvant setting. Pathobiology. 87:61–74. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Tan W, Yang M, Yang H, Zhou F and Shen W: Predicting the response to neoadjuvant therapy for early-stage breast cancer: Tumor-, blood-, and imaging-related biomarkers. Cancer Manag Res. 10:4333–4347. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Loi S, Dushyanthen S, Beavis PA, Salgado R, Denkert C, Savas P, Combs S, Rimm DL, Giltnane JM, Estrada MV, et al: RAS/MAPK activation is associated with reduced tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancer: Therapeutic cooperation between MEK and PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res. 22:1499–1509. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Sagiv-Barfi I, Kohrt HE, Czerwinski DK, Ng PP, Chang BY and Levy R: Therapeutic antitumor immunity by checkpoint blockade is enhanced by ibrutinib, an inhibitor of both BTK and ITK. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 112:E966–E972. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Garcia-Aranda M and Redondo M: Immunotherapy: A challenge of breast cancer treatment. Cancers (Basel). 11:18222019. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Chawla A, Philips AV, Alatrash G and Mittendorf E: Immune checkpoints: A therapeutic target in triple negative breast cancer. Oncoimmunology. 3:e283252014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Chatterjee S, Lesniak WG, Gabrielson M, Lisok A, Wharram B, Sysa-Shah P, Azad BB, Pomper MG and Nimmagadda S: A humanized antibody for imaging immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1 expression in tumors. Oncotarget. 7:10215–10227. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Herbst RS, Soria JC, Kowanetz M, Fine GD, Hamid O, Gordon MS, Sosman JA, McDermott DF, Powderly JD, Gettinger SN, et al: Predictive correlates of response to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients. Nature. 515:563–567. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Tumeh PC, Harview CL, Yearley JH, Shintaku IP, Taylor EJ, Robert L, Chmielowski B, Spasic M, Henry G, Ciobanu V, et al: PD-1 blockade induces responses by inhibiting adaptive immune resistance. Nature. 515:568–571. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Gibson J: Anti-PD-L1 for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Lancet Oncol. 16:e2642015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Ott PA, Hodi FS and Robert C: CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: New immunotherapeutic modalities with durable clinical benefit in melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res. 19:5300–5309. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Kerr KM and Hirsch FR: Programmed death ligand-1 immunohistochemistry: Friend or foe? Arch Pathol Lab Med. 140:326–331. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Voutsadakis IA: Immune blockade inhibition in breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 36:5607–5622. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Yi KH and Chen L: Fine tuning the immune response through B7-H3 and B7-H4. Immunol Rev. 229:145–151. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar |