MicroRNA-433 inhibits cervical cancer progression by directly targeting metadherin to regulate the AKT and β-catenin signalling pathways
- Authors:
- Published online on: October 20, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.6049
- Pages: 3639-3649
Abstract
Introduction
With an estimated 500,000 new cases and 300,000 deaths per year, cervical cancer is one of the most common female malignancies worldwide (1). Approximately 80% of cases occur in developing countries, where extensive screening by cervical cytology is unavailable (2). Cervical cancer morbidity is low in developed countries due to available cervical screening and ongoing active health education programs (3). Currently, several therapeutic strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are utilised to treat patients with cervical cancer (4,5). Although tremendous advances have been made in conventional treatments, the prognosis of cervical cancer remains poor due to development of resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy (6). The overall 5-year survival rate is <40%, particularly for patients presenting with advanced stage disease (7). Therefore, identification of the mechanisms underlying the formation and progression of cervical cancer may significantly promote early diagnosis, prognosis and development of novel therapeutic methods for patients with this malignancy.
Numerous studies have reported that abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is significantly involved in the pathogenesis of human cancers, including cervical cancer (8–10). miRNAs comprise a large group of small and endogenous RNAs measuring 18–23 nucleotides in length and are unable to encode for proteins (11). miRNAs can modulate expression of their target genes by binding to target mRNAs at the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR), forming stable duplexes in a partial complementary manner and inducing mRNA degradation or interfering with translation (12). Through these regulatory roles, miRNAs play key roles in many cellular biological processes, such as cellular development, growth, differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and apoptosis (13). In recent years, a wide variety of miRNAs were discovered to be abnormally expressed in various types of human cancer, such as breast (14), lung (15), prostate (16), cervical (17) and ovarian cancer (18). Accumulated evidence also suggests that miRNA dysregulation contributes to initiation and progression of various human malignancies (19–21). In human cancer, miRNAs may function as oncogenes by inhibiting tumour-suppressor genes or as tumour suppressors by downregulating oncogenes (22,23). Therefore, miRNA regulation may be a potential therapeutic strategy for human cancer treatment.
miRNA-433 (miR-433) has been studied in several types of human cancer (24–26). However, little information is available concerning the expression pattern and biological roles of miR-433 in cervical cancer. In the present study, we investigated the miR-433 expression pattern in cervical cancer, the effects of miR-433 on cervical cancer cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Metadherin (MTDH) (also known as AEG-1 or LYRIC) was predicted as a potential target of miR-433 and was selected for further target identification; this gene is upregulated in cervical cancer tissues and contributes to cervical cancer occurrence and progression (27,28). The present study may provide novel insights into cervical cancer initiation and progression and strategies for cervical cancer treatment.
Materials and methods
Ethics statement and tissue samples
The present study was performed according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committees of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University. Written informed consent for research purposes was also provided by each participant. Cervical cancer tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues were collected from 65 patients who underwent surgical resection at The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between September 2014 and January 2016. All the patients did not receive prior radiotherapy or chemotherapy. All tissue samples were stored in liquid nitrogen until use.
Cell lines
Cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa, C-33A, SiHa and Ca-Ski) and a human normal cervical epithelial cell line (Ect1/E6E7) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA). Cervical cancer cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 µg/ml streptomycin (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA). Ect1/E6E7 cells were maintained in keratinocyte serum-free medium (Gibco) containing 0.1 ng/ml human recombinant epithelial growth factor, 0.05 mg/ml bovine pituitary extract, 100 IU/ml penicillin, and 100 µg/ml streptomycin (Gibco) at 37°C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2.
Cell transfection
The miR-433 mimics and negative control miRNA mimics (miR-NC) were obtained from GeneCopoeia (Guangzhou, China). MTDH-targeted small interfering RNA (si-MTDH) and the negative control siRNA (si-NC) were chemically synthesized by GenePharma Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). MTDH overexpressed vector (pCDNA3.1-MTDH) and corresponding blank vector (pCDNA3.1) were obtained from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Changchun, China). Cells were seeded into 6-well plates 18–24 h before transfection. Following the protocols for the use of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), miR-433 mimics (60 nM), miR-NC (60 nM), si-MTDH (60 nM), si-NC (60 nM), pcDNA3.1-MTDH (2 mg/ml) or pcDNA3.1 (2 mg/ml) was transfected into the cells. After incubation for 6 h, the culture medium was replaced with fresh DMEM with 10% FBS. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting were performed to determine the transfection efficiency.
RT-qPCR
Total RNA was isolated from tissue samples or cells using TRIzol (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. For miR-433 expression, reverse transcription was performed using TaqMan MicroRNA Reverse Transcription kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Quantitative PCR was performed to detect the miR-433 expression level using TaqMan MicroRNA PCR kit (Applied Biosystems). To quantify MTDH mRNA expression, PrimeScript RT reagent kit was used to synthesize cDNA, which was then amplified using SYBR Premix Ex Taq™ kit (both from Takara Bio, Dalian, China). GAPDH and U6 were used for normalization of MTDH mRNA and miR-433, respectively. Primers used in the present study were purchased from Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China) and shown in Table I. Each sample was performed in triplicate, and relative expression changes were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCt method (29).
MTT assay
Cell proliferation was determined using the MTT assay (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). At 24 h post-transfection, transfected cells were collected and seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 3.0×103/well. The plates were incubated for 0, 24, 48 or 72 h after transfection. At each time point, cells were treated with 20 µl MTT assay reagent (5 mg/ml) for additional 4 h. The supernatant was removed, and 150 µl of dimethyl sulfoxide (Sigma) was added into each well. Cellular proliferation was determined by detecting the optical density (OD) at a wavelength of 490 nm. Each assay was performed in triplicate and repeated 3 times.
Cell invasion assay
The Matrigel invasion chambers were utilized to assess cell invasion ability (8 µm; Corning, Cambridge, MA, USA). At 48 h post-transfection, cells were incubated with FBS-free culture medium. On the following day, cells were harvested and suspended in FBS-free culture medium. Cells (1×105) were placed intothe upper chambers, and the lower chambers were filled with DMEM containing 10% FBS. After incubation for 48 h, the cells remaining on the top of the chambers were removed. Cells that invaded to the bottom of the membranes were fixed, stained with 0.5% crystal violet and washed. The invasive cells in at least 5 randomly selected fields were photographed and counted under an inverted microscope (Olympus Corp., Tokyo, Japan). The present study was performed in triplicate and repeated 3 times.
Flow cytometric analysis
The cell apoptosis rate was determined using the Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit with Annexin V Alexa Fluor™ 488 and propidium iodide (PI) (catalog no. V13241; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Subsequent to a 72-h incubation, transfected cells were harvested. After washing 3 times with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), the transfected cells were fixed in 80% ice-cold ethanol in PBS. Subsequently, the cells were resuspended in 100 µl Annexin-binding buffer and incubated with 5 µl Annexin V-FITC and 3 µl PI (50 µg/ml). After incubation at room temperature in the dark for 20 min, cell apoptosis was examined using flow cytometry and analyzed using FACSCalibur and CellQuest software (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Miami, FL, USA).
Bioinformatic predication
TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org/index.html) and miRanda (http://www. microrna.org/microrna/) were adopted to analyze the potential targets of miR-433 (30). ‘Human’ was selected as the species, and ‘miR-433’ was entered. Putative miRNA-mRNA interaction was based on the total context score. The more negative the total context score, the higher the probability of miRNA-mRNA binding. Relevant targets predicted by all 2 databases were chosen for laboratory experimentation.
Luciferase reporter assay
Luciferase reporter plasmids, pMIR-Report-MTDH-3′-UTR-wild-type (Wt) and pMIR-Report-MTDH-3′-UTR-mutant (Mut), were synthesized and confirmed by GenePharma. Cervical cancer cells were co-transfected with pMIR-Report-MTDH-3′-UTR-Wt or pMIR-Report-MTDH-3′-UTR-Mut and miR-433 mimics or miR-NC using Lipofectamine 2000. After incubation for 48 h, luciferase reporter assays were conducted using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Firefly luciferase activity was used as an internal control for Renilla luciferase activity. All experiments were carried out in triplicate and repeated 3 times.
Western blot analysis
Total cell lysates were prepared by incubating cells in RIPA buffer (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) on ice for 1 h. The concentration of protein was determined using the BCA protein assay kit according to the manufacturer's protocol (Pierce Biotechnology, Inc., Rockford, IL, USA). Equal amounts of proteins were separated on 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels, transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), blocked with 5% skim milk in Tris-buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween-20 (TBST), and incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C as follows: mouse anti-human monoclonal MTDH (sc-517220; 1:1,000 dilution), mouse anti-human monoclonal p-AKT (sc-271966; 1:1,000 dilution), mouse anti-human monoclonal AKT (sc-56878; 1:1,000 dilution), rabbit anti-human monoclonal p-β-catenin (ab75777; 1:1,000 dilution) (all from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), mouse anti-human monoclonal β-catenin antibody (ab22656; Abcam, Cambridge, UK, USA), and mouse anti-human monoclonal GAPDH (sc-32233; 1:1,000 dilution; Santa Cruz Biotechnology). In the following steps, membranes were washed with TBST and probed with corresponding horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody (1:5,000 dilution; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for 2 h at room temperature. The protein bands were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) solution (Pierce Biotechnology, Inc.). GAPDH was used as an internal control.
Statistical analysis
All data are expressed as mean ± SD, and were compared with two-tailed Student's t-test or one way ANOVA using SPSS 19.0 statistical software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) was used to compare differences between 2 groups in the multiple group study. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant result.
Results
miR-433 is frequently downregulated in cervical tissues and cell lines
In the present study, we first examined miR-433 expression in cervical cancer and corresponding adjacent normal tissues by RT-qPCR. Our results showed much higher miR-433 expression in the adjacent normal tissues than that observed in the cervical cancer tissues (Fig. 1A; P<0.05). We then investigated the association between miR-433 and clinicopathological features in cervical cancer. The median miR-433 expression level (median=0.8902) was regarded as a cut-off to divide all cervical cancer patients into either the miR-433 low-expression group (n=33) or miR-433 high-expression group (n=32). As shown in Table II, low miR-433 expression level was significantly correlated with tumour size (P=0.018), FIGO stage (P=0.031), lymph node (P=0.001) and distant metastases (P=0.032). However, no significant correlations were noted between miR-433 expression and age (P=0.685), histology (P=0.526), HPV infection (P=0.247) and family history of cancer (P=0.163).
 | Table II.Correlations between miR-433 expression and the clinicopathologic features of the cervical cancer cases. |
We further measured expression levels of miR-433 in cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa, C-33A, SiHa and Ca-Ski) and human normal cervical epithelial cell line (Ect1/E6E7). As shown in Fig. 1B, the expression level of miR-433 was downregulated in cervical cancer cell lines compared with that noted in the Ect1/E6E7 cells (P<0.05).
Upregulation of miR-433 inhibits cell proliferation and invasion and promotes apoptosis in cervical cancer
Downregulation of miR-433 in cervical cancer prompted us to explore whether miR-433 acts as a tumour suppressor in cervical cancer. Therefore, we examined the effects of miR-433 overexpression on cervical cancer cells. HeLa and SiHa cells, which expressed relatively low miR-433 expression among the 4 examined cervical cancer cell lines, were transfected with miR-433 mimics or miR-NC. Expression levels determined through RT-qPCR confirmed marked upregulation of miR-433 in the HeLa and SiHa cells transfected with miR-433 mimics (Fig. 2A and B; P<0.05). Firstly, we measured cellular proliferation using MTT assay after transfection of HeLa and SiHa cells with miR-433 mimics or miR-NC. The results showed that restoration of the expression of miR-433 significantly decreased proliferation of the HeLa and SiHa cells compared with that noted in the miR-NC group (Fig. 2C and D; P<0.05). HeLa and SiHa cells were transfected with miR-433 mimics or miR-NC; and cell invasion assay was performed to evaluate the effects of miR-433 restoration on the invasion of these cells. Invasion capabilities of HeLa and SiHa cells were significantly suppressed when cells were transfected with the miR-433 mimics (Fig. 2E and F; P<0.05). Flow cytometric analysis was used to determine the apoptosis rates of the HeLa and SiHa cells transfected with the miR-433 mimics or miR-NC. The results revealed that at 72 h after transfection, the apoptosis rate was significantly increased in the HeLa and SiHa cells transfected with miR-433 mimics compared with that noted in the miR-NC controls (Fig. 2G and H; P<0.05). These results indicate that miR-433 acts as a tumour suppressor in cervical cancer.
MTDH is a direct target gene of miR-433 in cervical cancer
To further elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved in the tumour-suppressive roles of miR-433 in cervical cancer cells, bioinformatic analysis was performed to search for potential downstream targets of miR-433. Hundreds of candidate targets were predicted, such as PAK4, PAX6, MACC1, MTDH, CREB1 and Notch1. Among these candidate targets, MTDH was selected for further target identification (Fig. 3A); this gene was found to be upregulated in cervical cancer tissues and to contribute to cervical cancer occurrence and progression (27,28). We employed a luciferase reporter assay to ascertain whether MTDH is a direct target gene of miR-433. HeLa and SiHa cells were cotransfected with pMIR-Report-MTDH-3′-UTR-wild-type (Wt) or pMIR-Report-MTDH-3′-UTR-mutant-type (Mut) and miR-433 mimics or miR-NC. The results showed that miR-433 introduction decreased luciferase activity of pMIR-Report-MTDH-3′-UTR-Wt, but not pMIR-Report-MTDH-3′-UTR-Mut (Fig. 3B; P<0.05).
We further investigated whether miR-433 overexpression can regulate MTDH expression in cervical cancer cells. Results of RT-qPCR and western blot analysis showed that ectopic expression of miR-433 in HeLa and SiHa cells significantly reduced MTDH expression at both mRNA and protein levels (Fig. 3C and D; P<0.05). Collectively, these results suggest that MTDH is a direct downstream target of miR-433 in cervical cancer.
MTDH expression is upregulated in cervical cancer tissues, and its expression is negatively correlated with miR-433
To further explore the association between miR-433 and MTDH, MTDH expression was detected in cervical cancer and corresponding adjacent normal tissues. Data from RT-qPCR and western blot analysis demonstrated significantly increased expression of MTDH in cervical cancer tissues compared with that in corresponding adjacent normal tissues (Fig. 4A and B; P<0.05). We also evaluated the correlation between MTDH mRNA and miR-433 expression level in cervical cancer tissues and Spearman's correlation analysis indicated a significantly negative correlation between miR-433 and MTDH mRNA expression among the cervical cancer tissues (Fig. 4C; r=−0.7038; P<0.0001).
MTDH knockdown suppresses cervical cancer cell proliferation and invasion, and induces apoptosis in vitro
To investigate whether downregulation of MTDH expression exhibits tumour-suppressive functions similar to those of miR-433 overexpression in cervical cancer, HeLa and SiHa cells were transfected with si-MTDH to genetically knock down endogenous MTDH expression (Fig. 5A; P<0.05). Next, MTT assay, cell invasion assay and flow cytometric analysis were conducted in HeLa and SiHa cells transfected with si-MTDH or si-NC. The results showed that MTDH knockdown exhibited tumour-suppressive roles similar to those of miR-433 overexpression in cervical cancer cell proliferation (Fig. 5B and C; P<0,05), invasion (Fig. 5D and E; P<0,05) and apoptosis (Fig. 5F and G; P<0,05) and further suggest that MTDH is a functional downstream target of miR-433 in cervical cancer.
Overexpression of MTDH reverses the tumour-suppressive effects of miR-433 in cervical cancer cells
To further evaluate whether MTDH mediates the effects of miR-433, which affects cervical cancer cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis, rescue experiments were performed, and miR-433 mimics with or without pcDNA3.1-MTDH were transfected into HeLa and SiHa cells. Western blot results confirmed that MTDH expression was recovered in the miR-433 mimic-transfected cells after being transfected with pcDNA3.1-MTDH (Fig. 6A; P<0.05). Rescue experiments revealed that MTDH overexpression markedly reversed the effects of miR-433 overexpression in regards to proliferation (Fig. 6B and C; P<0,05), invasion (Fig. 6D and E; P<0,05) and apoptosis (Fig. 6F and G; P<0,05) of HeLa and SiHa cells. These results indicate that miR-433 exert its tumour-suppressing roles in cervical cancer cells, at least in part, by suppressing MTDH.
miR-433 inactivates the AKT and β-catenin signalling pathways in cervical cancer
MTDH was previously reported to play essential roles inthe regulation of the AKT and β-catenin pathways (31,32). Thus, we detected expression levels of p-AKT, AKT, p-β-catenin and β-catenin in HeLa and SiHa cells after transfection with miR-433 mimics or miR-NC. As shown in Fig. 7, restoration of expression of miR-433 decreased p-AKT and p-β-catenin expressions in the HeLa and SiHa cells. However, this restored expression did not affect total AKT and β-catenin expression. We also noted recovered expression levels of p-AKT and p-β-catenin in the miR-433 mimic-transfected HeLa and SiHa cells cotransfected with pcDNA3.1-MTDH. These results indicate that miR-433 exerts tumour-suppressing roles in cervical cancer cells by directly targeting MTDH and affecting downstream AKT and β-catenin pathways.
Discussion
Emerging data have shown that miRNAs play significant roles in various human cancers, including cervical cancer (33,34). Aberrantly expressed miRNAs in cervical cancer contribute to tumour occurrence and development as either tumour suppressors or promoters (35). Therefore, identification of specific miRNAs and their targets in cervical cancer may provide novel and efficient therapeutic methods for patients with this malignancy. In the present study, we observed downregulation of miR-433 in cervical cancer tissues and cell lines compared with that in respective controls. Low miR-433 expression was significantly correlated with tumour size, FIGO stage, lymph node and distant metastases of patients with cervical cancer. miR-433 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation, and invasion and promoted apoptosis of cervical cancer. MTDH was validated as a direct target of miR-433 in cervical cancer. Therefore, our data indicate that miR-433 may be associated with progression of cervical cancer malignancy.
Numerous studies have reported abnormal expression of miR-433 in certain types of human cancer. For example, miR-433 was found to be significantly downregulated in gastric cancer tissues. Aberrant expression of miR-433 was correlated with pM and pTNM stage in clinical gastric cancer patients (36). In colorectal cancer, miR-433 expression was lower in tumour tissues and cell lines compared with that in corresponding adjacent tissues and normal human colon mucosal epithelial cell line. Low expression level of miR-433 was associated with tumour size in patients with colorectal cancer (37). Downregulation of miR-433 was also observed in glioma (24), retinoblastoma (25), ovarian cancer (26), hepatocellular (38) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (39). These findings suggest that miR-433 may be a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for a number of cancer types.
miR-433 was reported to play important roles in the formation and progression of various types of human cancer. For example, Guo et al discovered that upregulation of miR-433 suppressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion and cell cycle progression of gastric cancer (36). In colorectal cancer, overexpression of miR-433 decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis (37). Sun et al reported that miR-433 overexpression suppressed glioma cell proliferation and metastasis, induced apoptosis in vitro and reduced tumour growth in vivo (24). A previous functional study demonstrated that restoration of miR-433 expression attenuated retinoblastoma cell proliferation and motility and promoted cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (25). In ovarian cancer, ectopic expression of miR-433 suppressed cell migration and invasion (26). In hepatocellular carcinoma, restoration of miR-433 expression reduced cell proliferation and migration (38,40). Wang et al revealed that restoration of miR-433 expression inhibited cell proliferation and motility in oral squamous cell carcinoma (39). These findings also suggest that miR-433 may perform important functions in these types of cancer and may be investigated as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various types of cancer.
Identification of cancer-specific miRNAs and their target genes is important for elucidating miRNA functions in tumourigenesis and tumour development and may provide promising therapeutic targets (41). Several miR-433 targets were identified; such targets include KRAS in gastric cancer (36), MACC1 in colorectal cancer (37), cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) in glioma (24), Notch1 and PAX6 in retinoblastoma (25), Notch1 in ovarian cancer (26), PAK4 and CREB1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (38,40), and histone deacetylase 6 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (39). In the present study, MTDH was predicted as a potential target of miR-433 using bioinformatic analysis. Subsequently, luciferase reporter assays indicated direct binding of miR-433 to MTDH 3′-UTR. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis revealed that miR-433 negatively regulates MTDH expression at both the mRNA and protein levels in cervical cancer cells. Our experimental data further revealed a significant increase in MTDH in cervical cancer tissues, and this result was negatively correlated with miR-433 expression patterns. MTDH knockdown showed tumour-suppressive roles similar to those as miR-433 overexpression in cervical cancer. Finally, rescue experiments revealed that MTDH upregulation markedly reversed the effects of miR-433 overexpression on cervical cancer cells. These results strongly demonstrated that MTDH is a direct target of miR-433 in cervical cancer.
MTDH gene is located at chromosome 8q22, and it was first discovered in human foetal astrocytes by Su et al in 2002 (42). MTDH encodes for a 582-amino acid protein and is ubiquitously expressed in all organs and distributed in the cell cytoplasm, membrane, nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum (43). Previous studies have reported that MTDH is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, such as non-small-cell lung (44), gastric (45), breast (46), ovarian (47) and bladder cancer (48). MTDH plays critical roles in multiple biological processes in tumourigenesis and tumour development through integration of oncogenic pathways, including PI3K/AKT, nuclear factor-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase and Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathways (49–51). In cervical cancer, MTDH is upregulated and is significantly correlated with tumour size, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and tumour differentiation (27,28). Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated a shortened survival period of cervical cancer patients with high expression levels of MTDH (28). Therefore, MTDH is considered a valuable prognostic marker and therapeutic target for several types of cancer.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that miR-433 is significantly downregulated in cervical cancer, and low expression level of this miRNA is associated with tumour size, FIGO stage, lymph node and distant metastases. In vitro studies demonstrated that miR-433 suppressed cellular proliferation and invasion and increased apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Mechanistically, MTDH was validated as a direct target gene of miR-433 in cervical cancer. miR-433 may be a novel target for future cervical cancer therapy. In subsequent research, we may analyze the connection of miR-433 with AKT and β-catenin in patient samples, and the regulatory roles of miR-433 on other signalling pathways.
Acknowledgements
The study was supported by grants from Guangdong Province Science and Technology Pan Projects (nos. 2013B021800137, 2013B022000044 and 2016A020215074) and Guangdong Province Medical Research Foundation (no. A2016060).
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