Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is a promising treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI). In addition, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been investigated for the treatment of TBI due to their functions in neural regeneration and their neurotrophic effect. In the present study, the safety, feasibility and biological effects of autologous MSC‑derived NSC-like cell transplantation were investigated in 10 patients with severe TBI. All patients received intravenous or intrathecal injections of human NSC‑like cells and were evaluated with physical and neurological examinations, routine laboratory tests and neuroradiological findings. The results indicated that the majority of patients experienced improved neurological function in different degrees during the follow‑up period. No mortality or serious adverse events were observed in any patient subsequent to transplantation. Higher serum levels of nerve growth factor and brain‑derived neurotrophic factor were detected following the transplantation, as compared with the levels prior to treatment. Overall, the present results suggest that transplantation of autologous NSC‑like cells is feasible and appears to be safe for the treatment of non‑acute severe TBI.

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