Cognitive improvement following ischemia/reperfusion injury induced by voluntary running‑wheel exercise is associated with LncMALAT1‑mediated apoptosis inhibition
- Authors:
- Published online on: February 12, 2018 https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3484
- Pages: 2715-2723
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Copyright: © Shang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Ischemic brain injury, or ischemic stroke, is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide (1). Rapid revascularization of the occluded vessels, followed by timely reperfusion, is considered one of the most effective approaches to cerebral ischemic injury treatment. However, this therapy method may evoke subsequent ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. I/R damage is an important event in each case and includes the restoration of blood flow following a critical duration of ischemia, which is the primary cause of post-ischemic tissue injury (2,3). I/R injury also induces cognitive deficit, which significantly affects the quality of life of patients who have had a stroke. However, the therapeutic efficacy remains unsatisfactory.
A previous study revealed that cerebral I/R injury differentially changed the expression of numerous noncoding RNAs, termed micro RNAs (miRNAs), upregulating the expression of specific genes and downregulating the level of others (4). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are not responsible for protein coding or translation. As a class of key regulatory RNAs, lncRNAs have important roles in various biological processes in mammals, including genomic imprinting, dose compensation, gene regulation, chromatin organization and alternative splicing (5). Furthermore, lncRNAs have been previously identified to be involved in various human diseases. A pervious study revealed that a large number of genomes produced lncRNAs of in humans or mice; however, their effect and function remain to be elucidated (6). LncRNAs are a demonstrated class of novel key regulators in cerebrovascular endothelial pathologies that arise following ischemic injury, such as stroke (7). According to a previous study, ischemic stroke induces expressional changes in both lncRNA genes and protein-coding genes, which suggests that the so-called 'stroke-responsive' lncRNAs may have roles in plasticity post ischemic injury (8).
It has been previously reported that a nuclear-residing lncRNA, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), is involved in the proliferation and survival of cancer cells, as well as in tumor metastasis (9). MALAT1 is also enriched in endothelial cells, serving a crucial role in maintaining endothelial cell functions. The abnormal expression of MALAT1 is associated with endothelial cell dysfunction, including inflammatory processes induced by hyperglycemia, angiogenesis and proliferation (9–11). However, there are limited reports regarding the potential role of MALAT1 in I/R injury.
Evidence obtained from both human and animal studies demonstrates that voluntary exercise may improve cognitive function and facilitate neuronal plasticity in I/R-models (4,12). As a rehabilitation strategy, voluntary wheel-running is a demonstrated effective intervention for facilitating motor recovery (13). However, the underlying molecular and epidemic mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The present study investigated the possible effects of MALAT1 on voluntary running-wheel (RW) exercise-induced cognitive improvement following I/R injury.
Materials and methods
Animal I/R models and spontaneous exercise
A total of 56 male C57BL/6J mice with an average weight of 28.31±2.19 g, aged 4 to 4.5 months, were purchased from the Changzhi Medical College. Animal use and care were in accordance with the animal care guidelines, which conformed to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, published by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH Publication No. 85–23, revised 1996). All protocols performed in the current study were approved by the Changzhi Medical College Administrative Committee of Experimental Animal Care and Use (license no. cz08329).
Prior to the experiments, the mice were allowed to acclimate to their environment for 1week. A total of 14 mice underwent a sham-operation and were used as the sham group. For the I/R injury model, 28 mice were subjected to 45 min of ischemia followed by reperfusion, as previously described (4). Overall, 7 sham-operated mice and 35 I/R-injured mice were separately housed, each in cages equipped with a RW (sham-runners, n=7; I/R-runners, n=35). The remaining untreated mice served as the sedentary control group (I/R non-runners, n=7; sham non-runners, n=7), and were housed in cages with an immobilized RW, as previously described (14,15). All mice used in this work were bred at Changzhi Medical College in a restricted access, temperature-controlled (at 22°C) animal central on a 12-h light/dark cycle, food and water ad libitum. To investigate the potential roles of MALAT1 involved in spontaneous-RW-induced neuroplasticity, the I/R-runners were sub-divided into five groups (I/R-runners, n=7; I/R-runners + MALAT1 siRNA, n=7; I/R-runners + MALAT1 scrambled siRNA, n=7; I/R-runners + MALAT1, n=7; I/R-runners + blank control, n=7). RWs with a diameter of 12 cm and a width of 5 cm (Nalge Nunc International, Rochester, NY, USA) were used to equip the cages for I/R-runners. The number of revolutions was monitored and recorded using Vital Viewer Data Acquisition System version V-4000 (Mini Mitter, Sunriver, OR, USA). Given that 7 pm to 7 am is the most active period for rodents, the average number of revolutions was calculated for each night during this period. The mice were allowed unlimited access to the RWs in their individual cages.
Focal cerebral I/R operation
During surgery, 5% isoflurane was used to induce anesthesia, and 1–2% isoflurane was used for maintenance. Focal ischemic injury was generated as described previously (16,17). After 45 min of ischemia, reperfusion was achieved by permanently withdrawing the suture, as previously described (4).
Neurological deficits evaluation
The neurological deficits of mice were assessed at 1, 2 and 3 days post-operation (dpo). Focal neurological scores (FNS), using a 28-point scale, were used to assess neurological deficits, as previously described (18). The total score for each animal ranged from 0–28, the higher scores indicate a greater impairment (18).
MALAT1/MALAT1 siRNA treatment
By transducing with synthetic MALAT1 or siRNA-targeted MALAT1, MALAT1 expression levels were upregulated or downregulated, respectively. Mus musculus (Mmu)-MALAT1, MALAT1 siRNA and scrambled siRNA were designed and purchased from Applied Biological Materials Inc. (Richmond, BC, Canada). I/R-runners received various treatments via intraperitoneal injection with mmu-MALAT1 (10 nmol/20 g body weight, I/R-runners + MALAT1, n=7), MALAT1 blank control (I/R-runners + MALAT1 blank, n=7), mmu-MALAT1 siRNA (5 nmol/20 g body weight, I/R-runners + MALAT1 siRNA, n=7), or scrambled siRNA (I/R-runners + MALAT1 scrambled siRNA, n=7), 5 h after I/R injury and twice per week prior to sacrifice (15).
Morris water maze (MWM) test
At 25–30 days after I/R injury, induced immediately followed running, the MWM test was used to evaluate spatial learning and memory, as described previously (15,19). Each mouse underwent the trial thrice daily for six consecutive days. The percentages of time, the path taken in the target quadrant, and the number of target platform crossings were recorded and analyzed using TOPSCAN™ version 2.0 (Clever Sys, Inc., Reston, VA, USA).
Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining
TTC staining was performed for infarct volume assessments, as previously described (20). Briefly, coronal sections of the brain, 2-mm thickness, were incubated with 2% TTC at 37°C for 30 min with gentle agitation. The sections were then fixed at 22–25°C in 10% formalin with PBS for 15 min, and subjected to serial staining steps. Finally, the stained slices were collected for imaging. The infarct volume was quantified and analyzed by Leica image software DMI6000B (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany).
Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)
The level of MALAT1 in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus from sham and I/R injured mice was determined using RT-qPCR as previously described (7). Total RNA was isolated using TRIzol® (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), according to the manufacturer's protocol. cDNA was synthesized by using Oligo(dT)18 and MMLV reverse transcriptase (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI) at 22–25°C. The iQ SYBR® Green supermix (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) was used for qPCR detection, according to the manufacturer's protocol. GAPDH served as the endogenous control. LncRNAs expression levels were normalized by calculating the lncRNAs to GAPDH expression ratio (2−ΔΔCq) (21). qPCR amplification was performed at 95°C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles at 95°C for 15 sec and 62°C for 60 sec. The primer sequences were as follows: GAPDH, forward: 5′-CGA GAT CCC TCC AAA ATC AA-3′ and reverse: 5′-TTC ACA CCC ATG ACG AAC AT-3′; MALAT1, forward 5′-GTG ATG CGA GTT GTT CTC CG-3′ and reverse 5′-CTG GCT GCC TCA ATG CCT AC-3′ (7,22).
Cell apoptosis assay
Hippocampal tissues were fixed at 22–25°C in 4% formalin with PBS for 30 min, and subjected to serial staining steps. Apoptosis within the hippocampal tissues was evaluated using a TUNEL-POD In Situ apoptosis detection kit (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., Pleasanton, CA, USA), according to the manufacturer's protocol. The TUNEL-positive/apoptotic cells, as detected by DAB staining at 22–25°C for 5–10 min (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China), were presented as a percentage of the total cells. A phase contrast microscope (Leica) was used for imaging at ×40 magnification and 5 fields of view were used. Three independent experiments were performed.
Western blot analysis
Western blotting was used to determine the expression of cytokines associated with apoptosis, which may have been altered by spontaneous RW in I/R injured mice. Antibodies against B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), BCL2-associated X (Bax), BCL2 associated agonist of cell death (Bad), B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL), caspase-3/-8, and GAPDH were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA). Tissues were homogenized on ice in a RIPA lysis buffer (P0013C; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) and centrifuged at 4,500 × g for 25 min. Protein concentration was assayed with BCA reagent (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany). Total 50 mg cell lysate protein per lane extracts from each cell lines were separated using 15% SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes were then blocked with phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween-20 (PBST) with 10% non-fat dry milk (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck Millipore) overnight at 4°C for 12 h, then the membrane was washed three times for 10 min each time. This was followed by incubation with anti-Bad (1:800; cat. no. AB008; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology), anti-Bcl-2 (1:500; cat. no. AB112; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology), anti-Bax (1:500; cat. no. ab32503; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), anti-Bcl-xL (1:1,000; cat. no. ab32370; Abcam), and anti-caspase-3 (1:1,000; cat. no. ab13847; Abcam) and anti-caspase-8 (1:500; cat. no. ab25901; Abcam) primary antibodies at 4°C overnight. After washing 3 times with PBST for 10 min each, the membrane was incubated with a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:2,500; cat. no. A0208; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) for 2 h at room temperature. The blots were then subjected to enhanced chemiluminesence-based detection (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) as previously described (23,24). The semi-quantitated target proteins were analyzed for each group by using Bio-Rad Gel Imagining system (ChemiDoc™ XRS+; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA) (23,24).
Statistical analysis
Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. FNS were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni's correction. Significant differences between the groups were determined using Student's t-test. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test, was used for the MWM test analysis. SPSS version 19.0 (IMB Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Neurological scores
The data from the present study revealed that voluntary RW partially rescued neurological impairment, whereas siRNA targeting MALAT1 neutralized that neuroprotection. I/R surgery lead to increased scores relative to the sham operation (I/R Non-runners vs. sham non-runners; P<0.05; Fig. 1). RW exercise significantly reduced neurological scores from 1–3 dpo (I/R Non-runners vs. I/R-runners; P<0.05; Fig. 1). Compared with the I/R-runners + MALAT1 blank controls, MALAT1 treatment significantly decreased neurological scores from 1-3dpo (I/R-runners + MALAT1 vs. I/R-runners + MALAT1 blank; P<0.05; respectively). Conversely, scores were significantly reduced from 1–3dpo in I/R-runners receiving MALAT1 siRNA treatment compared with the MALAT1 scrambled siRNA group (I/R runners + MALAT1 siRNA vs. I/R runners + MALAT1 scrambled siRNA, P<0.05; Fig. 1).
Infarct volume evaluation
TTC staining revealed no observable damage in the cerebrums of mice subjected to a sham operation (Fig. 2). I/R injuries led to a large infarction, which was attenuated by voluntary RW following the injury (I/R non-runners vs. I/R runners; P<0.05; Fig. 2). Treatment with MALAT1 increased the neuroprotective effects induced by RW following I/R injury (I/R runners + MALAT1 vs. I/R runners + MALAT1 blank control; P<0.05; Fig. 2), where MALAT1 siRNA administration partially neutralized these effects (I/R runners + MALAT1 siRNA vs. I/R runners + MALAT1 scrambled siRNA; P<0.05; Fig. 2).
Changes to MALAT1 levels in different groups
Following I/R injury, MALAT1 expression levels were significantly reduced in the I/R non-runners, compared with in the sham non-runners (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between sham-operated runners and the non-runners (sham non-runners vs. sham-runners; P>0.05). Spontaneous RW increased the expression levels of MALAT1 in I/R injured mice. The expression levels of MALAT1 increased following voluntary RW training in I/R-runners (I/R non-runners vs. I/R runners, P<0.05, Fig. 3).
MALAT1-treatment of I/R-runners induced significant upregulation of MALAT1 expression in the I/R-runners + MALAT1 group vs. I/R-runners + MALAT1 blank (P<0.05). siRNA targeting MALAT1 effectively reduced MALAT1 expression levels in I/R-runners, and in MALAT1 siRNA-treated mice vs. I/R-runners + MALAT1 scrambled siRNA (P<0.05). The MALAT1 levels showed no significant difference between the two matched control groups (I/R-runners + MALAT1 blank vs. I/R-runners + MALAT1 scrambled siRNA, P>0.05, Fig. 3).
Spatial learning and memory alterations
The present study used the MWM test to assess the spatial learning of mice subjected to various treatments. During the initial 5 training days, spatial learning loss was assessed by a hidden platform test. The mice in sham-operated groups showed no significant cognitive deficiency. Voluntary RW had no effect on the cognitive changes in sham-operated mice, but induced obvious improvements in spatial learning and memory in I/R injured mice. There was no significant difference in the escape latencies between sham non-runners and sham-runners (P>0.05; Fig. 4A). I/R non-runners appeared to take longer to find the hidden platform compared with I/R-runners (F1,7=16.35; P<0.01; Fig. 4A).
Following MALAT1 treatment, I/R-runners had significantly longer escape latencies compared with mice from the I/R-runners + MALAT1 group vs. I/R-runners + MALAT1 blank (F1,7=7.62; P<0.05; Fig. 4B). The latency differences were appeared significantly at the third training day (Tukey's test; P<0.05; Fig. 4B). Conversely, MALAT1 siRNA partially neutralized the cognitive improvement induced by spontaneous RW exercise. MALAT1 siRNA-treated I/R mice took longer to find the hidden platform, compared with MALAT1 scrambled siRNA treated ones (F1,7=13.28; P<0.01; Fig. 4B). However, no significant difference was identified in the escape latencies between the two control groups (I/R-runners + MALAT1 blank vs. I/R-runners + MALAT1 scrambled siRNA; P>0.05; Fig. 4B). The swimming traces at the fifth training day for mice in different groups are presented in Fig. 4C.
Following the hidden platform test, a probe test was performed to evaluate spatial retention on the sixth day. Sham-runners exhibited no obvious differences when compared with sham-Non-runners for any of the tested parameters (P>0.05; Fig. 4). However, sham non-runners spent longer in the target quadrant compared with the I/R non-runners (P<0.05, Fig. 4D). Voluntary RW induced notable improvement in memory retention. For I/R-runners, the time spent and number of paths travelled in the target quadrant, as well as the number of target crossings, was increased, compared with I/R non-runners (P<0.05, Fig. 4). Synthetic MALAT1 treatment enhanced the cognitive improvement induced by voluntary RW in I/R mice, whereas MALAT1 siRNA administration partially attenuated these effects. The I/R runners + MALAT1 group showed increase in the test duration, number of paths travelled and number of target crossings in the target quadrant when compared with the I/runners + MALAT1 blank group (P<0.05, Fig. 4). However, mice in I/R runners + MALAT1 siRNA groups revealed a reduction in the time spent, the number of paths travelled and the number of target crossings (vs. I/R runners + MALAT1 scrambled siRNA, P<0.05, Fig. 4). The two control groups, I/R-runners + MALAT1 blank and I/R-runners + MALAT1 scrambled siRNA ones, showed no statistical difference (P>0.05).
Apoptosis induced by I/R injury was reversed by RW
Voluntary RW had no effect on hippocampal cell apoptosis under sham operated conditions. The apoptotic cell proportion was increased in the hippocampus following I/R injury (I/R non-runners vs. sham non-runners, P<0.05); however, significantly reduced in mice subjected to voluntary RW (I/R-runners vs. I/R non-runners, P<0.05; Fig. 5). Administration of MALAT1 further reduced the number of apoptotic hippocampal cells in the I/R-runners (I/R-runners + MALAT1 vs. I/R-runners + MALAT1 blank, P<0.05). Conversely, MALAT1 siRNA treatment neutralized the effects of RW and increased the proportion of apoptotic cells (I/R-runners + MALAT1 siRNA vs. I/R-runners + MALAT1 scrambled siRNA, P<0.05).
Expression of apoptosis-associated proteins
Quantitative analysis was performed using western blotting. Following I/R injury, the expression levels of Bax, Bad, and caspase-3/-8 were increased, whereas those of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were reduced (I/R non-runners vs. sham non-runners; P<0.05; Fig. 6). RW exercise protected hippocampal cells from apoptosis. The present findings demonstrated that spontaneous RW downregulated the expression of Bax, Bad and caspase-3/-8, whereas Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression levels were upregulated in the hippocampus following I/R injury (I/R-runners vs. I/R-Non-runners; P<0.05; Fig. 6). Consistent with the TUNNEL staining results, MALAT1 treatment increased the inhibition of apoptosis induced by RW in I/R mice, whereas MALAT1 siRNA administration attenuated this effect. Specifically, the Bax, Bad, and caspase-3/-8 levels were reduced, whereas the Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL levels increased following MALAT1 treatment (I/R-runners + MALAT1 vs. I/R-runners + MALAT1 blank; P<0.05; Fig. 6). The expression levels of Bax, Bad, and caspase-3/-8 were partially upregulated and Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression levels were reduced, by MALAT1 siRNA administration in I/R-runners (I/R-runners + MALAT1 siRNA vs. I/R-runners + MALAT1 scrambled siRNA; P<0.05). The expression of apoptosis-associated proteins tested in sham operated groups showed no significant difference following RW (sham non-runners vs. sham-runners, P<0.05). There were also no significant differences identified between the MALAT1 treatment control groups.
Discussion
The present study aimed to investigate whether increased hippocampal MALAT1 expression induced spontaneous RW following I/R injury in mice, which may be associated with cognitive recovery. The current findings revealed that I/R injury induced significant neurological and cognitive function deficits, as well as increased neuronal apoptosis in mice. Spontaneous RW partially restored this neurological and cognitive impairment and reduced hippocampal apoptosis. Simultaneously, the expression of MALAT1, an lncRNA demonstrated to be involved in cancer cell proliferation and metastasis was significantly restored following RW exercise. Specific siRNA targeting MALAT1 neutralized the neuroprotective effects induced by voluntary RW exercise, whereas MALAT1 administration enhanced these effects.
The pathological condition of cerebral ischemia is responsible for learning and memory impairments, and adversely affects the everyday and social lives of survivors (25). The present study revealed that I/R injury may lead to significant neurological loss, learning and memory deficits, which is consistent with previous findings (4,26).
Previous studies have demonstrated that exercise has beneficial effects and promotes functional recovery in animal models of stroke (27,28). Voluntary RW is reportedly the most valid treatment for promoting the recovery of motor function. Rats that underwent voluntary exercise also had a lower corticosterone stress response, compared with other trialed exercise paradigms (13). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms reported have been inconsistent and remain to be fully elucidated. The present study revealed that voluntary RW exercise partially reverses hippocampal MALAT1 expression, reduces infarction volume, decreases the hippocampal TUNEL-positive cell proportion and alters the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins. MALAT1 siRNA treatment neutralized the neuroprotective effects induced by voluntary RW exercise, whereas exogenous MALAT1 administration increased these protective effects. Therefore, the present study hypothesized that the voluntary RW exercise-induced recovery of cognitive functions may be associated with hippocampal apoptosis inhibition mediated by MALAT1.
Cerebral miRNA and piwi-interacting RNA profiles change extensively, these may be involved in neuroplasticity and the modulation of brain damage following ischemic injury. Miao et al (4) revealed that cortical and hippocampal miRNA expression alterations in I/R mice were responsible for ischemic postconditioning-induced neuroprotection. Previous studies reported that ischemia also influences the lncRNA profile bioinformatics analysis identified a >90% sequence homology between several stroke-responsive lncRNAs genes and protein-coding genes located on different chromosomes, indicating that these lncRNAs may be pseudogenes (8,29,30). Many of the 'stroke-responsive' lncRNAs are homologous to protein-coding genes that are associated with ribosomal complex formation, splicing, translation initiation and the nuclear import of mRNAs. Therefore, they may stabilize those mRNAs in order to partially recover the protein generation inhibited by the stroke, during the acute phase following injury (8). Previous studies have determined that these 'stroke-responsive' lncRNAs may be involved in chromatin modifications, transcription factor activity and apoptosis regulation (31–33).
The present study revealed that the lncRNA MALAT1 level was significantly reduced following I/R injury and was partially restored by spontaneous RW exercise. MALAT1 siRNA treatment neutralized the neuroprotection induced by voluntary RW exercise, including cognitive recovery and apoptosis inhibition, whereas treatment with MALAT1 enhanced these effects.
MALAT1 is involved with the survival of various tumor types and may act as a valid prognostic biomarker for cancer (34). A previous study revealed its role in extensive biological processes. For example, MALAT1 lncRNA was demonstrated to protect human brain vascular endothelial cells from oxygen-glucose deprivation and re-oxygenation-induced apoptosis in vitro (22). The current study revealed that voluntary RW exercise setting protected I/R injured mice from the cognitive decline induced by MALAT1-regulated apoptosis inhibition.
The present study used TUNEL staining and protein level detection to identify hippocampal apoptosis following the application of different treatments. The apoptosis prevention-induced by voluntary RW following I/R injury might depend on endogenic MALAT1 regulation. Spontaneous RW downregulated Bax, Bad and caspase-3/-8, whereas Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were upregulated in the hippocampus of mice post I/R injury. Those expressional alterations were partially reversed by MALAT1 siRNA treatment and enhanced by the administration of exogenous MALAT1. Apoptosis, a complex biochemical process, is influenced by a variety of factors (35,36). It has been previously established that the Bcl-2 family functions as inhibitors (such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) or promotors (such as Bax, Bcl-xS, Bad, and Bak) during cell apoptosis. Caspase-3 activation is considered a key mechanism of apoptosis (37,38). Therefore, the current findings indicate that voluntary RW may inhibit the damage caused by apoptosis with MALAT1 regulation, in I/R mice.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that I/R injury induced significant neurological deficits and cognitive impairments, as well as increased neuronal apoptosis in mice. Spontaneous RW exercise may partially restore these impairments, reduce hippocampal apoptosis and alter the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins. siRNA targeting MALAT1 neutralized the neuroprotective effects induced by voluntary RW exercise, whereas exogenous MALAT1 enhanced these effects. The present findings suggested that spontaneous RW exercise had a neuroprotective role, via MALAT1 regulation, following I/R injury in mice.
Notes
[1] Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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