The transcription factor E2F-1 drives cell cycle progression at the G1- to S-phase boundary; however, overexpression of E2F-1 can induce apoptosis. We show here that E2F-1 protein levels increase in human medulloblastoma, glioma, lung, colon, and bladder cancer cell lines (n=7) following treatment with the DNA damaging agents adriamycin or etoposide. This induction of E2F-1 occurs independently of Rb or p53 status and involves new protein synthesis. Although E2F-1 protein levels increase following DNA damage, several genes transcriptionally targeted by E2F-1 are not similarly induced. Rather, induction of E2F-1 in the tumor cells correlates with their sensitivity to adriamycin or to etoposide. Correspondingly, fibroblasts from E2F-1 knockout mice are more resistant to DNA damage than cells from normal mice. Overexpression of E2F-1 protein in tumor cell lines infected with an adenovirus encoding wild-type E2F-1 leads to enhanced cytotoxicity following exposure to DNA damaging agents, which results from enhanced apoptosis. The results of this study implicate a role for E2F-1 in p53-independent cytotoxicity of chemotherapy and provide a pharmacological tool for increasing levels of the apoptosis-inducing E2F-1 protein.

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