Associations and prognostic significance of p27Kip1, Jab1 and Skp2 in non‑Hodgkin lymphoma
- Authors:
- Published online on: August 10, 2016 https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2016.986
- Pages: 357-364
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Copyright: © Ma et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounts for ~85% of all malignant lymphomas and consists of a complex group of cancers arising mainly from B lymphocytes, and occasionally from T lymphocytes. NHL is heterogeneous regarding its clinical, immunophenotypic and genetic characteristics. With the accelerated process of industrialization and environmental pollution, the incidence of NHL is increasing annually. In China, the incidence of lymphoma is 1.39/100,000 in men and 0.84/100,000 in women. Lymphoma ranks from eleventh to thirteenth in overall cancer mortality (1.5/100,000) (1). NHL ranks twelfth in overall cancer morbidity and tenth in overall cancer mortality, with a cumulative NHL risk of 0.54 and a cumulative mortality risk of 0.26 (2). NHL severely affects the physical and mental health of the patients. NHL is characterized by an onset with distinct regional differences, and the etiology is unknown. There are several difficulties in current cancer research, including diversity of clinical status and complex pathological type, whereas the molecular pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated.
Uncontrolled cell proliferation is the main characteristic of tumors. Disorders of the cell cycle and an unbalance between cell proliferation and death due to various causes play a crucial role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. p27Kip1, a negative cell cycle regulator, is a universal cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor (CKI) that belongs to the Cip/Kip group of CDK inhibitors. p27Kip1 shares a sequence homology with p21 and p57 (3) and it may bind to and inhibit the activity of cyclin-CDK complexes. Due to the inhibition of p27Kip1, cyclin-CDK cannot effectively phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein; thus, E2F transcription factors cannot be released, downstream genes cannot be transcribed and the cell cycle process is blocked (4). p27Kip1 inhibits the G1-S phase transition in the cell cycle, resulting in cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and cessation of cell proliferation (5). Low p27 expression is associated with higher tumor grade (6). Therefore, p27Kip1 is considered to be a tumor suppressor.
The human Jun activation domain-binding protein 1/COP9 signalosome subunit 5 (Jab1/CSN5) was initially identified as a coactivator of the gene regulatory activator protein (AP-1), which is involved in the control of cell proliferation (7). Jab1 is also referred to as the fifth component of the COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex. CSN is a multiprotein complex involved in modulating signal transduction, gene transcription and protein stability (8,9). Jab1 is a nuclear export protein that targets p27Kip1 for transportation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and promotes its subsequent degradation (10). Jab1/CSN5 interacts with a number of proteins and regulates their function, and is involved in different signal transduction pathways, including degradation of target proteins by regulating gene transcription and cell cycle through phosphorylation (8). Jab1 regulates cell proliferation through p27 (11). These findings indicate that Jab1 may play a significant role in oncogenesis. Jab1 expression is inversely correlated with p27Kip1 protein expression, and is significantly associated with adverse clinicopathological characteristics. Recent research indicates that Jab1 participates in the nuclear export of the p27Kip1 protein (10). Jab1 overexpression may induce p27 downregulation by nuclear export (12). Some scholars investigated the expression of Jab1 in pancreatic (13) and ovarian cancer (14), and found that the increase of Jab1 expression level is correlated with a decrease of p27Kip1 levels and poor prognosis.
F-box protein S-phase kinase-interacting protein-2 (Skp2), the substrate recognition subunit of the Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin protein ligase complex, targets substrates such as p27, p21, p57, or p130 for degradation (15). Skp2, as an important cell cycle regulatory factor, is able to identify phosphorylated substrates specifically and mediate ubiquitin degradation. It has been demonstrated that Skp2 is able to specifically recognize pThr187p27Kip1, then mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis of p27Kip1 (16). Due to the important role of Skp2, scholars have investigated it and found Skp2 protein overexpression in gastric carcinoma (17), small-cell lung cancer (18) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (19), which is associated with the degree of differentiation and prognosis. The role of Skp2 in controlling p27Kip1 levels has been reported in several types of cancer, including colon, breast, prostate and oral squamous cell carcinoma (20–23).
Jab1 and Skp2 dysfunction in NHL may cause a decrease in the level of p27Kip1 and disrupt its function, leading to the occurrence of this malignancy. To the best of our knowledge, an investigation of both Skp2 and Jab1 has not been reported in NHL to date. Thus, the aim of the present study was to concurrently evaluate the abnormal expression of Jab1 and Skp2 by immunohistochemistry, with a comparative analysis of p27 expression and proliferative activity in NHL.
Materials and methods
Patients
Fresh surgical specimens from 50 patients with NHL were provided by the Department of Pathology of the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (collected from 2005 to 2009, following an Institutional Review Board-approved human subjects study protocol. Informed consent was obtained from all patients (34 men and 16 women; age range, 10–90 years; mean age, 55.6 years). The histology of the disease was determined based on hematoxylin and eosin-stained preparations, according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (24).
Immunohistochemistry
Paraffin sections (5 µm) from the samples were deparaffinized in 100% xylene and rehydrated in descending ethanol-water ratio solutions according to the standard protocol. The sections were treated with 10 mmol/l citrate buffer (pH 6.0) and heated to 121°C for 20 min to enhance the accessibility of the antigens. The slides were incubated at 4°C overnight with anti-Jab1 (monoclonal, mouse anti-human, dilution 1:100; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA; sc-13157), anti-Skp2 (polyclonal, rabbit anti-human, dilution 1:50; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-7164), anti-p27 (polyclonal, rabbit anti-human, dilution 1:50; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-528), or anti-Ki-67 (polyclonal, rabbit anti-human, dilution 1:150; ZSGB-Bio, Beijing, China; ZM-0165). After washing, the sections were treated with rabbit anti-mouse/rabbit immunoglobulin for 30 min at room temperature. Staining for Jab1, Skp2, p27 and Ki-67 were completed by using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method with diaminobenzidine (DAB) as a chromogen. Counterstaining was performed using haematoxylin. The stained sections were examined under a light microscope. At least 10 high-power fields were randomly selected and at least 300 cells/field were counted per section. Jab1, Skp2, p27 and Ki-67 indices were scored as the percentage of positive cells for each antigen. The staining results were scored semiquantitatively. Intensity was estimated compared with the control and scored as follows: 0, negative staining; 1, weak staining; 2, moderate staining; and 3, strong staining. Scores representing the percentage of tumor cells that stained positive were as follows: 0, <1%; 1, 1–10%; 2, 10–50%; 3, 50–75%; and 4, >75% positive tumor cells. A final score was calculated by adding the scores for percentage and intensity, resulting in scores of 0 and 2–7. A score of 0 was considered as negative; 2–3 was considered weak; 4–5 was considered moderate; and 6–7 was considered strong. For statistical analysis, scores 0–3 were considered as low expression, while scores 4–7 were considered as overexpression (25). In half of the samples, staining was repeated twice to avoid technical errors, but similar results were obtained in these samples.
Statistical analysis
The correlations among clinicopathological factors and the expression levels of Jab1, p27, Skp2 and Ki-67 were analyzed using the Chi-square test, the Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression analysis. Survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method and survival curves were compared with the log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazard model with a forward stepwise procedure was used in the multivariate analysis to determine independently significant prognostic factors. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error. P-values <0.05 were considered to indicate statistically significant differences. All the statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 13.0 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Expression of p27Kip1, Jab1, Skp2 and Ki-67 and their correlation in NHL
Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the tumor cells expressed p27Kip1, Jab1 and Skp2. The pattern of p27Kip1, Jab1 and Skp2 expression varied in the same sample as follows: p27+/Jab1−/Skp2−; p27+/Jab1+/Skp2−; p27+/Jab1−/Skp2+; p27+/Jab1+/Skp2+ (Fig. 1); p27−/Jab1−/Skp2−; p27−/Jab1+/Skp2−; p27−/Jab1−/Skp2+; and p27−/Jab1+/Skp2+ (Fig. 2). The positivity ratio of p27Kip1, Jab1 and Skp2 was 38, 70 and 32%, respectively. The correlation among the expressions of p27Kip1, Jab1, Skp2 and Ki-67 was investigated by Spearman's rank correlation (Fig. 3). A negative correlation between Jab1 and p27Kip1 expression was identified (Table I, r=−0.410, P=0.003). The result was consistent with previous findings (26). The expressions of Jab1 (r=0.355, P=0.011) and Skp2 (r=0.459, P=0.001) were positively correlated with Ki-67 expression. The expressions of Jab1 and Skp2 exhibited a trend for positive correlation (r=0.237, P=0.097). There was no correlation between the expressions of Skp2 and p27 (Table I, r=0.177, P=0.218).
Correlation of p27Kip1, Jab1 and Skp2 with clinicopathological parameters
The correlation of the expressions of p27Kip1, Jab1 and Skp2 with clinicopathological parameters, such as age, gender, tumor size, metastasis and surgery, is summarized in Table II. In this study, we found that decreased expression of p27 was associated with age (P=0.018), and increased expression of Jab1 was significantly associated with tumor size (P=0.033). In addition, increased expression of Skp2 was significantly associated with metastasis (P=0.008). Finally, the expressions of p27, Jab1, Skp2 and Ki-67 were all associated with IPI. Other clinicopathological parameters exhibited no association with p27, Jab1 or Skp2.
Prognostic value of p27Kip1, Jab1 and Skp2 expression
The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that Jab1 (P=0.000) and Skp2 (P=0.000) overexpression had a significant adverse effect on overall survival (Fig. 4B and C). This result was consistent with previous findings (27). However, p27Kip1 expression exerted a beneficial effect on overall survival (Fig. 4A, P=0.000). We also observed that age was associated with survival rate (Table III, P=0.020). In present study, other parameters exhibited no association with survival.
The Cox proportional hazard regression analysis demonstrated that age [P=0.020, hazard ratio (HR)=1.038, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.006–1.072], Skp2 (P=0.022, HR=2.893, 95% CI: 1.162–7.203) and IPI (P=0.000, HR=6.000, 95% CI: 2.576–13.971) were independent prognostic factors (Table IV).
Discussion
The cell cycle is the basic process in cell life and uncontrolled cell proliferation is the main characteristic of tumors. The unbalance between cell proliferation and death and disorders of the cell cycle play an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. p27Kip1 is a universal CKI that is able to bind to and inhibit the activity of cyclin-CDK complexes. p27Kip1 inhibits the G1-S phase transition in the cell cycle resulting in cell cycle arrest in the G1-phase and cessation of cell proliferation (5). p27Kip1 protein levels are increased in quiescent cells and rapidly decrease after cells are stimulated with mitogens (28). Cellular abundance of the p27Kip1 protein is regulated by various mechanisms, the most important of which is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Studies have demonstrated that improving the level of Jab1 expression may induce a decrease of CDK specifically; furthermore, p27Kip1 is also degraded (29). Skp2 may mediate the degradation of p27Kip1 in liver cancer (30). There is an inverse correlation between p27Kip1 and Skp2 expression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (31). The expression of Skp2 was significantly negatively correlated with the expression of p27 in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (23). Our study demonstrated that low expression of the p27Kip1 protein is associated with poor prognosis (P<0.01), which is consistent with a previous report that reduced expression of p27 is associated with poor prognosis (32).
Jab1 interacts with a wide range of proteins, regulates their function, and plays a role in different signal transduction pathways, including degrading target proteins by regulating gene transcription and cell cycle by phosphorylation (8). Jab1 may lead to cell proliferation and regulate the cell cycle; it also interacts with p53 inducing phosphorylation mediated by CSN and subsequent degradation (33). These results indicate that Jab1 may play a significant role in oncogenesis. Jab1 overexpression may induce p27 downregulation (12). In addition, the chromosome region maintenance 1 protein homolog and 26S proteasome-dependent proteolysis is accelerated (34). The Jab1 expression level is correlated with a decrease of the p27Kip1 level and poor prognosis. Our immunohistochemical staining results demonstrated that Jab1 expression was inversely correlated to p27Kip1 protein expression (P<0.01), which is consistent with previous results demonstrating that Jab1 negatively regulates p27 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (35). The expression of Jab1 was positively correlated with Ki-67 expression (P=0.011), a proliferating cell marker, expressed specifically in the cell nucleus from the late G1 to the S phase. Overexpression of Jab1 is associated with poor prognosis (P<0.01). These results suggest that Jab1 may play an important role in the development and progression of NHL and controlling Jab1 expression may be a novel therapeutic target in NHL.
Skp2, as an important cell cycle regulatory factor, is able to identify phosphorylated substrates specifically and mediate ubiquitin degradation. Skp2 may mediate ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis of p27Kip1 (16). Carrano et al (29) demonstrated that the rate-limiting factor of p27Kip1 degradation is SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, including Skp2 as the special substrate recognition sites. It was previously demonstrated that Skp2 protein overexpression decreased p27Kip1 expression level in mantle cell lymphoma, whereas inhibition of Skp2 by small interfering RNA, increased the p27Kip1 and p21WAF1 levels (36). In the present study, we observed that Skp2 was associated with poor prognosis (P=0.000). However, there was no inverse correlation between p27Kip1 and Skp2 expression (r=0.177, P=0.218). The role of Skp2 in controlling p27Kip1 level has been reported in a number of cancers, including colon, breast, prostate and oral squamous cell carcinoma (20–23). However, the p27 level was not found to be inversely correlated with increasing Skp2 expression in carcinoma of the uterine cervix, and our result is consistent with that study (37). The different association between p27 and Skp2 may be elucidated by the difference in the tumor types, the patients' selection and the cut-off values.
Jab1 is associated with degradation of p27Kip1, which is the key protein in cell cycle regulation. It is possible that Jab1 dysfunction causes a decrease in the level of p27Kip1 and/or loss of function, thereby leading to the occurrence of NHL. In conclusion, the overexpression of Jab1 and Skp2 and the low expression of p27Kip1 are associated with oncogenesis and poor prognosis. Jab1 expression was found to be inversely correlated with p27Kip1 protein expression. Thus, the expression of p27Kip1, Jab1 and Skp2 may provide a clinical reference for the treatment of NHL.
Acknowledgements
The present study was supported by the Six Talent Peaks foundation (WSN-061), the Post-doctoral Program of Jiangsu Province (1201028C), the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (31370803), the Science and Technology Program of Nantong City (MS22015071), the Scientific Research Program of Jiangsu Province Health Department (H201423), and the Doctoral Program of Nantong University (14B44).
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