Utility of chemoradioselection for the optimization of treatment intensity in advanced hypopharyngeal and laryngeal carcinoma
- Authors:
- Published online on: October 20, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2017.1466
- Pages: 965-970
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Copyright: © Masuda et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
The trend in the treatments for advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has shifted from radical surgery to organ preservation due, in large part, to the two milestone studies conducted in the 1990s: The Department of Veterans Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study Group (VALCSG) (1) and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) 24891 (2). These two studies clearly demonstrated that laryngeal preservation is feasible with combined use of induction chemotherapy and radiation without compromising patients' survival in advanced laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma. As a result, organ-preservation was adopted as the main goal of the clinical studies and whereby unprecedented dose-intensification has been conducted mainly through two forms of modalities: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) (e.g., clinical trials led by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group [RTOG]) or sequential therapy (ST) composed of induction chemotherapy and CRT (e.g., GORTEC and Tax 324 protocols) (3–6). Because of the further improved laryngeal preservation, these dose-intensified organ-preserving strategies (DIOPSs) are currently proposed as the standard for organ preservation (7,8). However, it is becoming apparent that DIOPSs involve critical issues. Firstly, only a limited number of advanced HNSCC patients benefit from DIOPSs, because these types of experimental therapies are feasible only in a select subset of patients (i.e., patients with good general condition) who can tolerate these heavy regimens. This limitation may be related to the recent surprising results of large surveys based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) or the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), which demonstrated a worsening survival trend in patients with laryngeal cancer and only a marginal improvement in those with hypopharyngeal cancer (9,10). Secondly, it is obvious that current DIOPSs have reached the upper limit of human tolerance in terms of late toxicitiy, as exemplified in the recently published long-term results of RTOG 91–11. On this regimen, which employs concurrent 100 mg/m2 of CDDP tri-weekly, as much as 43% of the patients with preserved larynx developed laryngo-esophageal dysfunction, and which eventually accounted for the high rate of tumor-unrelated deaths (11–13). Thirdly, it became practically infeasible to compare the treatment results of radical surgery with organ-preserving treatments in randomized control studies, due to the strong dogma: Similar survival is achievable by either DIOPS or radical surgery on the basis of VALCSG and EORTC 24891 studies (1,2) conducted more than 20 years ago. Consequently, the survival benefit of radical surgery appears to have been overly underestimated despite considerable technical advancements and the improved multimodality setting in which surgery is conducted.
Contrary to the trend of DIOPSs, we have treated HNSCC patients using a distinctive platform, in which 30–40 GY of induction CRT is used as a selection tool for organ preservation (14,15). In this algorithm-based ‘chemoradioselection’ strategy, only patients who demonstrate good response to induction CRT (i.e., ‘chemoradioselected’: CRS), proceed to organ preservation arm and then receive further CRT up to 60–70 Gy. For the remaining non-responders (i.e., ‘non-chemoradioselected’: N-CRS), radical surgery is recommended. Mainly using moderate intensity CRT regime, we obtained quite satisfactory laryngeal preservation and survival in T2 glottic carcinoma and overall survival in oropharyngeal carcinoma with minimal toxicity (14,16–18). In a recent pilot study on advanced hypopharyngeal carcinoma (19), we reported the utility of this protocol; chemoradioselection can segregate tumors for organ-preservation with use of moderate intensity CRT from those that would be better treated by radical surgery. Interestingly irrespective of clinical stage, CRS patients demonstrated quite favorable survival and organ preservation with moderate intensity CRT that seldom caused laryngo-esophageal-dysfunction, whereas radical surgery appeared to exhibit survival benefit in the N-CRS. In this context, the aim of this study is to verify the utility of this strategy in a larger scale study employing patients with advanced hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancer and to explore the potential of this strategy as a novel platform for the treatment of advanced HNSCC which may address the issues associated with the current DIOPSs mentioned above.
Patients and methods
Patients eligibility and protocol
All patients had pathologically confirmed, previously untreated stage III or IV laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer according to the UICC TNM classification (2002 and 2007). Clinical staging and the diagnosis of double cancer were done by endoscopy, contrast enhanced computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Patients who had distant metastasis and/or synchronous cancer were excluded. T4 cases were also excluded, because use of organ preserving treatment in this stage is controversial, especially for hypopharyngeal tumors (20,21). All patients were required to have an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Organization performance status ≦2, and adequate medical and laboratory parameters required for CRT. The choice of platinum agent was determined by the creatinine clearance (Ccr): Cis-platin (CDDP) was used for those with Ccr ≧60 ml/min and palapalatin (CBDCA) for those with Ccr <60 ml/min. Enrolled patients were treated according to the algorithm-based chemoradioselection protocol. From 2000 to 2008, split CDDP (15 mg/m2/day) or CBDCA (AUC=1/day) was administered from day 1 to 5, concomitantly with external beam of irradiation (2.0 Gy/day); since 2009 CDDP (80 mg/m2/) or CBDCA (AUC=5) on day 1 was administered. After 40 Gy of CRT, the tumor response was evaluated either clinically or pathologically. With the split CDDP regimen, complete response at the primary site was considered as chemoradioselected (CRS). For patients treated with bolus CDDP, ≥50% reduction of primary tumor was used as the criteria for CRS (Fig. 1). The CRS patients continued to receive additional CRT up to 70 GY and received planned neck dissection (PND) for residual N. For the N-CRS patients, radical surgery was recommended and conducted (N-CRS-ope), when consent for total laryngectomy was obtained. However, to those who refused surgery (N-CRS-refu), continuous CRT was administered up to 70 GY. This algorithm-based protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board and all patients gave documented informed consent.
Patients characteristics
From 2000, March to 2012, September 123 patients with stage III and IV HPC were registered for this algorithm-based chemoradioselection protocol. All 123 patients were followed up for more than 36 months; median follow up period was 63 months (range 4–168). Their average age was 64. The patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1.
Adverse effects
Adverse effects were evaluated according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0.
End-points and statistical analyses
The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and laryngo-esophageal dysfunction free survival (LEDFS). Use of LEDFS as an endpoint was proposed by the Larynx Preservation Consensus Panel in 2009, in which, death, local recurrence, total or partial laryngectomy, tracheostomy, and feeding tube/gastrostomy insertion after ≧2 years were considered as a composite event (22). Thus, LEDFS reflects the ‘functional’ laryngeal preservation in surviving patients more accurately than laryngectomy free survival (LFS) that has been used conventionally. In order to clarify the efficacy of chemoradioselection, OS and LEDFS in specific subgroups of patients (e.g., treatment courses and clinicopathological factors) were also calculated. For these analyses, Kaplan-Meier curves were generated and the between-group differences were assessed by log-rank test for statistical significance. The cause of death and the results of laryngeal preservation were assessed by Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard model were used to calculate the effects of T, N, primary sites and treatment courses on OS. Values of P<0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
Treatment courses
The treatment courses of patients are demonstrated in Fig. 1. After 40 Gy of CRT, 64 (52%) of patients were classified as CRS, while 59 (48%) of patients as N-CRS. CRS patients were further treated by additional 30 Gy of CRT and 43 patients received PND. Among the N-CRS population, 34 patients underwent radical surgery (N-CRS-ope), while 25 patients refused operation (N-CRS-refu). Additional 30 Gy of CRT was given either as postoperatively to N-CRS-ope or in continuation to N-CRS-refu. There were 101 patients who received split CDDP, while 22 patients received bolus CDDP.
Adverse effects
None of the patients developed grade 5 toxicity. Only one patient developed grade 4 toxicity (granulocytopenia and neutropenia). Cumulative grade 3 adverse effects included leucopenia (N=13); neutropenia (N=6); thrombocytopenia (N=3); dermatitis (N=4); mucositis (N=13); anolexia (N=1); pneumonia (N=2); dysphagia (N=5); renal dysfunction (N=1); and liver dysfunction (N=1). Comparable rates of adverse effects (≥grade 3) were observed in the split CDDP (38%) and bolus CDDP (43%) groups.
Patients survival
There were a total of 50 deaths (21 in the CRS patients, 15 in the N-CRS-ope, and 14 in the N-CRS-refu groups). Out of the 21 deaths in the CRS arm, 7 were tumor-related deaths [loco-regional failure (N=3); distant metastases (N=4)], while 14 were tumor-unrelated deaths (metachronous cancer (N=4); pneumonia (N=1); hepatitis (N=1); and others (N=8). Out of the 15 deaths in N-CRS-ope arm, 7 were tumor-related deaths [loco-regional failure [N=3]; distant metastasis (N=4)] and 8 were tumor-unrelated deaths [metachronous cancer (N=4); heart failure (N=1); and pneumonia (N=3)]. Out of the 14 deaths in the N-CRS-refu arm, 11 were tumor-related deaths [loco-regional failure (N=8); distant metastasis (N=3)] and 3 were tumor-unrelated deaths [metachronous cancer (N=2); others (N=1)]. Thus, patients in the N-CRS-refu arm experienced significantly (P=0.0038, Chi-square-test) higher tumor-related death rate (11/25, 44%) as compared to that in the CRS (10/64, 10%) and the N-CRS-ope (7/34, 20%) arms. The rate of distant metastasis in the N-CRS-ope (4/34, 11%) and the N-CRS-refu (3/25, 12%) arms was approximately 2 times higher than that in the CRS (4/64, 6%) arm, although the difference was not statistically significant. Collectively, the 5-year cumulative disease-specific survival rate (DSS) and OS rates were 77% and 65%, respectively (Fig. 2). We then analyzed the effects of 4 candidate prognostic factors [T (T1, 2 vs. T3); N (N0, 1 vs. N2, 3); primary site (larynx vs. hypopharynx); and treatment [planned: i.e., CRS + N-CRS-ope vs. unplanned: i.e., N-CRS-refu] on OS using both univariate and multivariate models. The 5-year OS in the CRS (73%) and the N-CRS-ope arms (70%) was significantly better (P=0.0193) than that (47%) in the N-CRS-refu arm. In other words, unplanned-treatment (i.e., NCR-refu) was associated with significantly (P=0.0061) worse 5-year OS (47%) as compared to that associated with planned-treatment (i.e., CRS+N-CRS-ope arms, 72%) (Fig. 3). In contrast, the Kaplan-Meier curves produced by T (T1, 2 vs. T3), N (N0, 1 vs. N2, 3), and primary site (larynx vs. hypopharynx) did not display significant differences. This tendency was also confirmed in the Cox proportional hazard model, in which only unplanned treatment (i.e., N-CRS-refu arm) showed a significant correlation with poor OS (HR: 2.583, 95% CI: 1.313–4.354, P=0.007) (Table II). We then additionally analyzed the hazard ratios of the 4 factors for OS according to the two different stratification criteria: Patients who received 70 Gy of CRT without initial laryngectomy (CRS + N-CRS-refu) and those who were N-CRS (N-CRS-ope + N-CRS-refu). In the former cohort, unplanned treatment (HR: 3.137, 95% CI: 1.458–6.661, P=0.0039) and hypopharyngeal tumor (HR: 2.458, 95% CI 1.137–5.392, P=0.0223) were associated with significantly increased risk of death. In the latter cohort, only unplanned treatment was a significant risk factor (HR: 7.638, 95% CI: 2.294–27.542, P=0.0008).
Laryngeal preservation
Sixteen out of 64 (25%) in the CRS arm developed tumor recurrences. Fourteen of these underwent surgery including total laryngectomy, of which 9 were salvaged (i.e., survived), while 5 patients were died of disease unrelated to laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer. Thus, the surgical salvage rate in patients with recurrence was 64% (9/16). The N-CRS-refu arm experienced significantly (P=0.0114, Fisher's exact test) higher recurrence rate in the larynx and hypopharynx (56%, 14/25) as compared to that in the CRS-group. Seven patients proceeded to surgery and 6 of these were salvaged, while one patient died of other cancer; the surgical salvage rate in this cohort was 43% (6/14). No laryngo-esophageal dysfunction was observed in the survivors with preserved larynx. Based on these data, the cumulative LEDF survival rate of all patients were 41% at 5-years. The CRS arm demonstrated significantly (P<0.0001) better 5-year (69%) LEDS than the N-CRS-refu arm (3.6%). In the Kaplan-Meier curves produced by the group (T, N, and primary site), the T classification alone had a significant effect on LEDFS; T3 tumors were associated with significantly (P=0.0012) lower LEDFS (25%) than T1 and T2 tumors (53%).
Split CDDP vs. bolus CDDP
Although preliminary, we examined whether bolus CDDP could potentate the efficacy of chemoradioselection over split CDDP. The bolus CDDP group demonstrated higher rates of CRS (68%) as compared to that in the split CDDP group (51%). The bolus group also showed a tendency for higher 3-year OS and LEDFS (90 and 64%) than split CDDP (76% and 45%). In T1 and T2 cases, bolus CDDP improved the 5-year LEDFS from 61 to 80%. However, surprisingly, the LEDFS of T3 in the bolus CDDP dropped sharply to 29% at 2-year post-treatment, which is rather worse than that of overall T3 data (38%). These findings indicate that bolus CDDP may contribute to the improvement in overall survival and laryngeal preservation in T1and T2, but not T3.
Discussion
Over the last decade, there has been a hot debate about the superiority of CRT and ST as DIOPS for treatment of advanced HNSCC (8,23,24). However, a recent meta-analysis clearly demonstrated that induction chemotherapy has no survival benefit over CRT in advanced HNSCC (25) and therefore CRT is expected to be the future mainstay of treatment. On the other hand, it is obvious that current standard CRT with high-dose CDDP, in which 100 mg/m2 of CDDP is administered every three weeks, needs to be optimized to reduce the severe toxicity, which is frequently observed in both the acute and the long-term phase (11–13). In this context, the quite favorable 5-year OS (73%) and 5-year LEDFS (69%) observed in this CRS cohort in the present study appears to offer one solution. Thus, for those who show good response to induction CRT, total 150 (split regimen) or 160 (bolus regimen) mg/m2 of CDDP may be sufficient to achieve favorable survival without impairment of laryngeal function. Interestingly these CDDP doses were considerably lower than the 200 mg/m2 dose recommended for maintenance of the oncological results in the standard tri-week CDDP or in the recently proposed weekly (40 mg/m2) CDDP protocol (26–28) and therefore more applicable to the elderly patients and/or patients with poor general condition. This result suggests that a majority of the CRS tumors are composed of less aggressive tumors which are amenable to cure with the moderate intensity CRT alone; this inference is also supported by the significantly lower rates of tumor-related death in the CRS arm as compared to that in the N-CRS arm. Thus, chemoradioselection provides an accurate measure of the biological aggressiveness of each tumor, and may be a useful strategy for optimization of the intensity of CRT. This method is comparable with chemoselection, which entails one or a few cycles of induction chemotherapy as a tool to select patients for organ preservation (20,21,29). However, given the conclusions of the above-mentioned meta-analysis (25) and the time- and cost-effectiveness, chemoradioselection is thought to be a better method than chemoselection.
In this study, the premise of VALCSG and EORTC (1,2), i.e., DIOPS is a better option than radical surgery in patients with advanced laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer, because of better quality of life and comparable survival rates, was questioned. The N-CRS-ope showed markedly better 5-year OS (70%) at the expense of the larynx, which otherwise remained at 47% as shown by the N-CRS-ref, which indicates that under selected conditions, radical surgery confers survival benefit over CRT. Because similar rates of distant metastases were observed in these two populations, the rates of loco-regional failure appear to be the main cause of this difference; the N-CRS-refu demonstrated as high as the 32% of loco-regional failure, which probably caused by the high local recurrence (56%) and poor salvage (43%), whereas in the N-CRS-ope arm the incidence of loco-regional failure was only 9%. Interestingly, only refusal of surgery (and not T, N, and primary site) was an independent predictor of adverse prognosis in the N-CRS population, as was clearly demonstrated in our multivariate analysis. This result implies that independent of the tumor stage and site, chemoradioselection can accurately segregate patients who would be better treated with curative-intent surgery at a relatively early phase of treatment. Moreover, in a similar analysis of the overall population, the refusal of surgery alone correlated with increased risks of death, which validates our algorithm-based treatment decision (i.e., organ preservation vs. surgery). In the cohort of patients who were initially treated with CRT alone (i.e., the CRS plus CRS-ref), hypopharyngeal cancer and refusal of surgery was associated with poor prognosis. The former result confirms a general fact that when treated with similar modalities hypopharyngeal cancer shows poorer prognosis than laryngeal cancer. Whereas the latter finding indicates that irrespective of the tumor stage and site, continuation of CRT for poor responders eventually culminates in poor survival. Given that this similar phenomenon has long been recognized in the field of ST and has been used as the logical basis for chemoselection (20,21,29), it is quite puzzling that CRT strategy has stuck to the policy of definitive CRT and salvage surgery without adequate attention to the biological selection so far. Collectively, our results suggest that poor responders should be treated by radical surgery with curative-intent at a relatively early phase of CRT rather than by definitive CRT, which increases the risk of the local failure and eventually compromises survival.
In this algorithm-based strategy, improvement of the overall LEDFS (41%), which is mainly worsened by poor results of T3 tumors (25%), is an essential issue to be addressed. We altered the regimen from split to bolus CDDP, with the expectation that a substantial increase in the rate of chemoradioselection may lead to the improved results including an increase in LEDFS in T3 cases. Our preliminary data suggests that this alteration succeeded in increasing the rate of chemoradioselection and improved overall OS and LEDFS. However, in T3 cases the improvement in LEDFS was not observed. These results indicate the superiority of bolus CDDP as well as its limitation for laryngeal preservation, particularly in advanced T. It is obvious that further dose-intensification inevitably leads to the enhanced toxicity and tends to diminish the utility of chemoradioselection. Thus, addition of a molecular-targeted approach to our strategy seems to be a rational method to address this problem. Recently we found that induction of a putative cancer stem cell marker, CD44 variant 9 (CD44v9), was a major hurdle to chemoradioselection. Thus, addition of CD44v9 targeting (e.g., sulfasalazine) to chemoradioselection may be a promising approach to enhance the efficacy of chemoradioselection and thereby improve survival and laryngeal preservation (30).
In conclusion, our algorithm-based ‘chemoradioselection’ might provide a novel platform for the treatment of advanced HNSCC and help optimize the currently employed excessive treatment intensity. We have started a multi-institutional prospective study to verify the utility of this protocol on a larger scale.
Acknowledgement
The present study was supported in part by fund from Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C): 24592600 to Muneyuki Masuda.
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