Traditional medicine, Sobokchukeo‑Tang, modulates the inflammatory response in adipocytes and macrophages

Lee,Hoyoung; Shim,Eun Hyoung; Lee,Myeong Soo; Myung,Chang‑Seon

doi:10.3892/mmr.2016.6005

Traditional medicine, Sobokchukeo‑Tang, modulates the inflammatory response in adipocytes and macrophages

Authors:
- Hoyoung Lee
- Eun Hyoung Shim
- Myeong Soo Lee
- Chang‑Seon Myung
View Affiliations

Affiliations: KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea, Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea, Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
Published online on: December 7, 2016 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.6005
Pages: 117-124
Copyright: © Lee et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

Abstract

Sobokchukeo-Tang (ST) is a well-known formula that is used for treating primary dysmenorrhea caused by blood stasis syndrome (BSS) in Korea and China. The current study investigated the anti‑inflammatory and anti‑adipogenesis effects of ST on adipocytes and macrophages. The anti‑inflammatory efficacy of ST was evaluated in RAW 264.7 cells and differentiated THP‑1 cells. To induce inflammation, the cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 µg/ml). Following the induction of inflammation, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin‑6 (IL‑6) and tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) in the cell supernatant were detected using enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay. 3T3‑L1 preadipocytes differentiated into adipocytes in response to insulin, isobutyl‑1‑methylxanthine and dexamethasone (MDI). To confirm the anti‑adipogenesis efficacy of ST, we investigated Oil Red O staining was performed, triglyceride (TG) and leptin secretion were measured, and the protein expression of lipid metabolism‑associated factors was determined. ST significantly inhibited TNF‑α and IL‑6 production in the LPS‑treated RAW 264.7 cells compared with LPS stimulation alone. In addition, the concentrations of IL‑6 and TNF‑α were significantly inhibited by ST in LPS‑treated THP‑1 cells. Lipid accumulation was reduced by ST, similarly to the positive control treatment, SB203580. In the ST‑treated group, the TG and leptin concentrations were inhibited by up to 50 and 83%, respectively, compared with MDI induction only. The ST‑treated group reduced the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ and CCAAT/enhancer‑binding protein α compared with MDI induction only. The results of the present study demonstrated that ST exerts anti‑inflammatory effects on LPS‑treated mouse and human macrophage cell lines. ST inhibited adipogenesis in MDI‑induced 3T3‑L1 adipocytes, as indicated by the significant reduction in TG and leptin concentrations without cytotoxicity. Thus, ST may be useful as a therapeutic agent for preventing lipid‑associated diseases, including obesity and atherosclerosis.

View Figures

View References

1	Liu Y, Yin HJ, Shi DZ and Chen KJ: Chinese herb and formulas for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis and antiplatelet therapies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012:1845032012.PubMed/NCBI
2	Jeon BH, Woo WH and Jeong WY: The review of blood stasis concept in oriental medicine. Korean J Oriental Pathology. 4:93–102. 1989.
3	Wang T, Jia C, Chen Y, Li X and Cheng J: Analysis on establishment and affecting factors of qi stagnation and blood stasis rat model. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 37:1629–1633. 2012.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI
4	Lee TC, Lo LC and Wu FC: Traditional Chinese medicine for metabolic syndrome via TCM pattern differentiation: Tongue diagnosis for predictor. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016:19712952016.PubMed/NCBI
5	Liu X, Guo C, Ma X, Tian R, Zhang Y and Yin H: Relationship between serum estrogen levels and blood stasis syndrome in postmenopausal women with coronary heart disease. Pak J Med Sci. 31:25–30. 2015.PubMed/NCBI
6	Navarro JF and Mora C: Role of inflammation in diabetic complications. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 20:2601–2604. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar
7	Jeffcoate WJ, Game F and Cavanagh PR: The role of proinflammatory cytokines in the cause of neuropathic osteoarthropathy (acute Charcot foot) in diabetes. Lancet. 366:2058–2061. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
8	Gunter RN: Blood Stasis: China's classical concept in modern medicine. Elsvier; China: 2006
9	Zhuo QH, Jiang XF and Zhang YM: Clinical observation of Shaofu zhuyu decoction treating for dysmenorrhea with adolescent functional of 126 cases. Clinical Journal of Experiment Traditional Medicine Formulae. 8:58–59. 2008.
10	Yang SJ and Jin CS: A study on the effects of sobokchukeo-tang on the isolated uterine muscle of rats. J Orient Obestet Gynecol. 18:72–84. 2005.
11	Shin WW, Choi JS, Khil JH and Kim SH: Study on antitumor activity of sobokchukeotang and kamisocokchukeotang. J Korean Orient Med. 22:22–30. 2001.
12	Yun YH, Lee DN, Seo IB and Kim HJ: Effects of sobokchukeo-tang on the development of experimentally induced endometriosis in rats. J Orient Obestet Gynecol. 19:141–161. 2006.
13	Cheng YX, Zhou LL, Yan YM, Chen KX and Hou FF: Diabetic nephropathy-related active cyclic peptides from the roots of Brachystemma calycinum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 21:7434–7439. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
14	Kern PA, Ranganathan S, Li C, Wood L and Ranganathan G: Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 280:E745–E751. 2001.PubMed/NCBI
15	Maachi M, Pieroni L, Bruckert E, Jardel C, Fellahi S, Hainque B, Capeau J and Bastard JP: Systemic low-grade inflammation is related to both circulating and adipose tissue TNFalpha, leptin and IL-6 levels in obese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 28:993–997. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
16	Skurk T, Alberti-Huber C, Herder C and Hauner H: Relationship between adipocyte size and adipokine expression and secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 92:1023–1033. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
17	Yaw HP, Ton SH, Chin HF, Karim MK, Fernando HA and Kadir KA: Modulation of lipid metabolism in glycyrrhizic acid-treated rats fed on a high-calorie diet and exposed to short or long-term stress. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. 7:61–75. 2015.PubMed/NCBI
18	Kota B, Huang TH and Roufogalis BD: An overview on biological mechanisms of PPARs. Pharmacol Res. 51:85–94. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
19	He Q, Huang C, Zhao L, Feng J, Shi Q, Wang D and Wang S: α-Naphthoflavone inhibits 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes differentiation via modulating p38MAPK signaling. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 6:168–178. 2013.PubMed/NCBI
20	Park B, You S, Jung J, Lee JA, Yun KJ and Lee MS: Korean studies on blood stasis: An overview. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 3:20152015.
21	Gokulakrishnan K, Amutha A, Ranjani H, Bibin SY, Balakumar M, Pandey GK, Anjana RM, Ali MK, Narayan KM and Mohan V: Relationship of adipokines and proinflammatory cytokines among asian indian with obesity and youth onset type 2 diabetes. Endocr Pract. 21:1143–1151. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
22	Chang CJ, Jian DY, Lin MW, Zhao JZ, Ho LT and Juan CC: Evidence in Obese Children: Contribution of hyperlipidemia, obesity-inflammation and insulin sensitivity. PLoS One. 10:e01259352015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
23	Akram Z, Abduljabbar T, Abu Hassan MI, Javed F and Vohra F: Cytokine profile in chronic periodontitis patients with and without obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Markers. 2016:48014182016.PubMed/NCBI
24	Basinska K, Marycz K, Śieszek A and Nicpoń J: The production and distribution of IL-6 and TNF-a in subcutaneous adipose tissue and their correlation with serum concentrations in Welsh ponies with equine metabolic syndrome. J Vet Sci. 16:113–120. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
25	Eichelmann F, Schwingshackl L, Fedirko V and Aleksandrova K: Effect of plant-based diets on obesity-related inflammatory profiles: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention trials. Obes Rev. 17:1067–1079. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
26	Hotamisligil GS, Arner P, Caro JF, Atkinson RL and Spiegelman BM: Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 95:2409–2415. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
27	Winkler G, Kiss S, Keszthelyi L, Sápi Z, Ory I, Salamon F, Kovács M, Vargha P, Szekeres O, Speer G, et al: Expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha protein in the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in correlation with adipocyte cell volume, serum TNF-alpha, soluble serum TNF-receptor-2 concentrations and C-peptide level. Eur J Endocrinol. 149:129–135. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
28	Goossens GH and Blaak EE: Adipose tissue dysfunction and impaired metabolic health in human obesity: A matter of oxygen? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 6:552015.PubMed/NCBI
29	Friedman JM and Halaas JL: Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature. 395:763–770. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
30	Pósa A, Szabó R, Kupai K, Csonka A, Szalai Z, Veszelka M, Török S, Daruka L and Varga C: Exercise training and calorie restriction influence the metabolic parameters in ovariectomized female rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015:7870632015.PubMed/NCBI
31	Takenouchi T, Takayama Y and Takezawa T: Co-treatment with dexamethasone and octanoate induces adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Cell Biol Int. 28:209–216. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
32	Engelman JA, Lisanti MP and Scherer PE: Specific inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase block 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. J Biol Chem. 273:32111–32120. 1988.