Open Access

PPWD1 is associated with the occurrence of postmenopausal osteoporosis as determined by weighted gene co‑expression network analysis

  • Authors:
    • Guo‑Feng Qian
    • Lu‑Shun Yuan
    • Min Chen
    • Dan Ye
    • Guo‑Ping Chen
    • Zhe Zhang
    • Cheng‑Jiang Li
    • Vijith Vijayan
    • Yu Xiao
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: August 7, 2019     https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2019.10570
  • Pages: 3202-3214
  • Copyright: © Qian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is the most common type of primary osteoporosis (OP), a systemic skeletal disease. Although many factors have been revealed to contribute to the occurrence of PMO, specific biomarkers for the early diagnosis and therapy of PMO are not available. In the present study, a weighted gene co‑expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to screen gene modules associated with menopausal status. The turquoise module was verified as the clinically significant module, and 12 genes (NUP133, PSMD12, PPWD1, RBM8A, CRNKL1, PPP2R5C, RBM22, PIK3CB, SKIV2L2, PAPOLA, SRSF1 and COPS2) were identified as ‘real’ hub genes in both the protein‑protein interaction (PPI) network and co‑expression network. Furthermore, gene expression analysis by microarray in blood monocytes from pre‑ and post‑menopausal women revealed an increase in the expression of these hub genes in postmenopausal women. However, only the expression of peptidylprolyl isomerase domain and WD repeat containing 1 (PPWD1) was correlated with bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. In the validation set, a similar expression pattern of PPWD1 was revealed. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the fatty acid metabolism pathway was significantly abundant in the samples that exhibited a higher expression of PPWD1. Collectively, PPWD1 is indicated as a potential diagnostic biomarker for the occurrence of PMO.

Introduction

Osteoporosis (OP), a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, results in an increased vulnerability to bone fracture (1). Based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, the National Osteoporosis Foundation estimates that more than 9.9 million cases have OP in the United States and 1.5 million osteoporotic fractures occur annually. In China, 19.2% of people >50 years of age were assessed to have OP in 2018, and ~2.69 million osteoporotic fractures occurred in 2015 (2). Notably, OP-induced fractures cause high economic expenditures with an estimated cost of 20.4 billion USD in the United States in 2015 (3) and ~10.87 billion USD in China in 2015 (2). This indicates that OP is developing into a major concern affecting worldwide public health. Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO), caused by oestrogen deficiency, is the most common type of primary OP. Oestrogen deficiency causes an imbalance in bone formation and resorption, finally leading to bone loss and OP. Although many factors, such as OPG/RANKL/RANK system (4), oxidative stress (5,6), and altered oestrogen signaling (4), have been revealed to contribute to PMO, specific biomarkers for the early diagnosis and therapy of PMO are not available. Therefore, diagnostic biomarkers predicting the occurrence of PMO are warranted.

The present literature suggests that screening for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) has been the focus of PMO research in identifying biomarkers. Of note, few studies have explored the relevance of genes that share a high degree of functional interconnection and are regulated in a similar fashion. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), a systems biology method, is particularly useful in this context and helps to create free-scale gene co-expression networks to identify the association between different gene sets or between gene sets and clinical features (7). Notably, WGCNA has been broadly used to identify the hub genes linked with clinical features in different diseases, such as clear cell renal cell carcinoma (811), bladder cancer (12,13), breast cancer (14), and neuropathic pain (15).

In the present study, WGCNA along with different approaches were used to analyze the microarray data of blood monocytes in pre- and postmenopausal women with a low or high bone mineral density (BMD) to characterize the key genes associated with PMO. The present results revealed that peptidylprolyl isomerase domain and WD repeat containing 1 (PPWD1) may be a potential key biomarker for predicting the occurrence of PMO.

Materials and methods

Data collection

mRNA expression profiles obtained from circulating monocytes of pre- and postmenopausal subjects with a low or high BMD were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). In the present study, the GSE56815 dataset performed on Affymetrix Human Genome U133A Array was used as a training set to build co-expression networks and find hub genes. This dataset consisted of 80 Caucasian females, of which 40 subjects had a high hip BMD (20 pre- and 20 postmenopausal) and 40 subjects had a low hip BMD (20 pre- and 20 postmenopausal). Separately, the GSE2208 dataset based on the same microarray platform was downloaded from the GEO and used as a test set to validate our results. This dataset included 19 female subjects, 10 with a high BMD and 9 with a low BMD.

Data preprocessing

Normalized data were obtained from the GEO database. The quality of the microarray was evaluated by sample clustering using the distance between different samples in Pearson's correlation matrices. To perform further analysis, genes with an average expression >7 were selected as the cut-off criteria.

Co-expression network construction

At first, DEGs were assessed for their expression data profile to distinguish between good and bad samples, or good and bad genes, after which the ‘WGCNA’ package in R was applied to build a scale-free co-expression network for the selected genes (16). For the pair-wise genes, Pearson's correlation matrices were initially performed, followed by a weighted adjacency matrix constructed using a power function amn=|cmn|β (where cmn=Pearson's correlation between gene m and gene n; and amn=adjacency between gene m and gene n). Upon assigning the proper β, the weighted network was transformed into a topological overlap matrix (TOM) to calculate the network connectivity of a gene as previously described (8,13). The TOM-based dissimilarity measure was then used to conduct average linkage hierarchical clustering, and genes with similar expression profiles were classified into gene modules. The hierarchical clustering was performed on a minimum size (50 genes) to generate a gene dendrogram. The module was further analyzed by calculating the dissimilarity of module eigengenes (MEs). A cut line was selected for the module dendrogram, and certain modules were merged.

Identification of phenotype-significant modules

Module- related phenotypes were identified by two approaches. Gene significance (GS), defined as the log10 transformation of the P-value (GS=lgP) in the linear regression between gene expression and the clinical traits (BMD and menopausal status) and module significance (MS), defined as the average GS for all the genes involved in the module, were used. The module related to the phenotype was selected based on the absolute MS ranking (first or second) among the selected modules. In the principal component analysis, MEs were considered as the major component to summarize the expression pattern of all genes in a given module into a single characteristic expression profile. Additionally, the correlation between the MEs and phenotypes was calculated to validate the relevance of the module. The module related to the clinical trait was selected based on their maximal absolute MS. Finally, the module with the highest correlation to a certain phenotype was used for subsequent analysis.

Identification of hub genes and validation

Hub genes are genes that display a considerable interconnection with other genes in a module and have been previously revealed to be functionally significant. In the co-expression network, hub genes were identified in a module that was correlated with certain phenotypes. Next, all genes in the hub module were uploaded to the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database (https://string-db.org/), with a confidence >0.4 to create a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. In the PPI network, genes displaying a connectivity degree of ≥5 (node/edge) were identified as hub genes. The hub genes that were common in both the co-expression network and PPI network were regarded as ‘real’ hub genes and selected for subsequent analysis. The validation was performed using a training set and test set. In the test set of the GSE2208 dataset, the comparison of real hub genes with a low BMD and a high BMD was performed.

Functional and pathway enrichment analysis

The DAVID database (http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/), an online program that provides a comprehensive set of functional annotation tools to understand the biological relevance behind the obtained large dataset of genes, was used for analysis of the DEGs in the hub module [particularly Gene Ontology (GO) terms and their visualization on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genomes and Genes (KEGG) pathway maps]. The top 20 terms involving the candidate hub genes were selected as the biological processes and pathways of interest. P<0.05 was set as the cut-off criterion.

Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA)

To further analyze the potential function, the training set was divided into several groups according to three labels: BMD (high BMD vs. low BMD), menopausal status (postmenopausal vs. premenopausal) and expression level of PPWD1 according to the median expression of PPWD1 (a high expression of PPWD1 vs. a low expression of PPWD1). For use with GSEA software, the collection of annotated gene sets of h.all.v6.1.symbol.gmat (Hallmarks) in the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB, http://software.broadinstitute.org/gsea/msigdb/index.jsp) was selected as the reference gene set. The gene sets enriched in the aforementioned 3 groups were selected, and a P-value <0.05 was selected as the cut-off criteria.

Results

DEG screening

After preprocessing and quality assessment of the data, the expression matrices were obtained from which 5,570 genes with a log2 expression level >7 were selected for subsequent analysis. At first, a sample cluster with phenotypes using average linkage and Pearson's correlation was performed (Fig. 1). No samples were removed.

Weighted co-expression network construction and key module identification

The ‘WGCNA’ package in R was used for the average linkage hierarchical clustering of DEGs with similar expression patterns into modules. β, a soft-thresholding parameter, emphasizes strong gene correlations and penalizes weak correlations. Herein, the power of β=8 (scale free R2=0.88) was selected to ensure a scale-free network (Fig. 2). In total, 8 modules were identified (Fig. 3A). The relevance between the phenotype (menopausal status) and module was assessed by two methods. Initially, modules with higher MS were considered to be more related to the menopausal status, and accordingly, the turquoise module MS (P=5×10−4, R2=0.38) was revealed to be higher in comparison to the MS of other modules (Fig. 3B). Similarly, the ME of the turquoise module exhibited a higher correlation with menopausal status than the other modules (Fig. 3C). Based on these findings, the turquoise module with menopausal status was identified as the clinically significant module and extracted for subsequent analysis.

Identification of hub genes for menopausal status in the turquoise module

Next, the PPI network of the turquoise module, under the cut-off of confidence >0.4 and connectivity degree of ≥39, identified 157 genes as hub genes. Further analysis with more stringent parameters, such as the module connectivity measured by the absolute value of the Pearson's correlation coefficient (cor.geneModuleMembership >0.8) and the clinical trait relationship measured by the absolute value of the Pearson's correlation coefficient (cor.geneTraitSignificance >0.2), revealed 101 genes in the turquoise module with a high connectivity (Fig. 4A). Among the 101 genes, only NUP133, PSMD12, PPWD1, RBM8A, CRNKL1, PPP2R5C, RBM22, PIK3CB, SKIV2L2, PAPOLA, SRSF1 and COPS2 were identified in both PPI and co-expression network (Fig. 4B and C). Hence, these 12 genes were determined as the ‘real’ hub genes for menopausal status and were selected for subsequent analysis.

Hub gene validation

The validation set revealed that the expression levels of the identified hub genes were increased in postmenopausal status compared to premenopausal status (Fig. 5A-b to L-b). Furthermore, all genes except CRKNL1 changed significantly between pre- and postmenopausal status in women with a high BMD (Fig. 5A-a to L-a). Notably, relative to those with a premenopausal status, PPP2R5C and PPWD1 were significantly upregulated in women with a low BMD and postmenopausal status (Fig. 5F-a and G-a). However, only PPWD1 was altered in the comparison between low and high BMD women (Fig. 5A-c to L-c). In the premenopausal status, PPWD1 expression was significantly decreased in high BMD women compared to low BMD women (Fig. 5G-a). A similar trend was also noted in postmenopausal status, although statistical significance was not achieved. In the validation set, 4 genes (RBM22, RBM8A, SKIV2L2, and PPWD1) were significantly downregulated in high BMD women in comparison to low BMD women (Fig. 6).

Functional and pathway enrichment analysis

The turquoise module was uploaded to the DAVID database to gain more insight into the function of these DEGs. GO analysis revealed a role for the hub genes in the top 20 biological processes (BP), including intracellular transport, ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, protein transport, establishment of protein localization, cellular respiration, RNA processing, protein localization, oxidative phosphorylation, phosphate metabolic process, phosphorus metabolic process, RNA splicing, macromolecule catabolic process, intracellular protein transport, cellular macromolecule catabolic process, cellular protein localization, energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds, translation, cellular macromolecule localization, phosphorylation, and generation of precursor metabolites and energy. Moreover, hub genes were also overrepresented in these top 20 KEGG pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, proteasome, Alzheimer's disease, Spliceosome, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, RNA degradation, nucleotide excision repair, basal transcription factors, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, inositol phosphate metabolism, SNARE interactions in vesicular transport, lysosome, neurotrophin signaling pathway, N-glycan biosynthesis, endometrial cancer, mTOR signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and citrate cycle (TCA cycle) (Fig. 7).

Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA)

GSEA was conducted to map the gene sets into the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) and to further elucidate the potential functions of the hub genes. The results revealed that two gene sets were associated with BMD, including ‘estrogen response early’ and the ‘p53 pathway’. One gene set-‘protein secretion’ was related to menopausal status. In contrast, the level of PPWD1 was influenced by ‘fatty acid metabolism’ (Fig. 8).

Discussion

The vast majority of patients suffering from OP are PMO. Although PMO is well understood as a disease, only a few biomarkers are available to predict its occurrence until now. Therefore, specific biomarkers for the occurrence of PMO are necessary. In the present study, a bioinformatics-based approach was conducted to screen for potential biomarkers, and the findings indicated that the PPWD1 gene may be a possible candidate.

In the present study, WGCNA identified the turquoise module as clinically significant, and subsequent analysis revealed 12 genes (NUP133, PSMD12, PPWD1, RBM8A, CRNKL1, PPP2R5C, RBM22, PIK3CB, SKIV2L2, PAPOLA, SRSF1 and COPS2) that overlapped in PPI and co-expression analysis as ‘real’ hub genes. A previous WGCNA from Farber identified 6 genes (IFI35, EPSTI1, SP110, STAT1, TAP1, PSMA6) from 26 healthy young Chinese females through the integration of network analysis and genome-wide association data (17). Independently, Zhang et al identified 7 genes (LOC654188, PPIA, TAGLN2, YWHAB, LMNB1, ANXA2P2, ANXA2) from 42 unrelated postmenopausal Caucasian women in one study (18) and Chen et al 2 genes (HOMER1, SPTBN1) from 84 postmenopausal white women in another study (19). Notably, the genes identified in the present study were not reported in these earlier studies. We reason that the observed discrepancy may be connected to the differences in the subjects and samples, and should be investigated further.

The present results revealed the high expression levels of these ‘real’ hub genes in postmenopausal women. However, only the expression of PPWD1 among the various hub genes exhibited a strong reduction in high BMD women. In the validation set, a similar expression pattern of PPWD1 was revealed. Collectively, the present results indicated that PPWD1 may be a key gene contributing to the occurrence of PMO. PPWD1 was first cloned in 1994 (20) and later purified as part of the catalytically competent form of the spliceosome C complex (21). The functional role of PPWD1 is currently elusive and is proposed to be involved in pre-RNA splicing (22). Of note, a functional link between PPWD1 and bone metabolism has not yet been established.

To investigate the involvement of PPWD1 in BMD regulation, several gene functional enrichment analyses were used. Firstly, GO and KEGG pathway analyses were performed. In GO analysis, it was revealed that these hub genes were significantly enriched in the metabolic bioenergetics pathway of oxidative phosphorylation, which takes place in the mitochondria. Similarly, the KEGG pathway analysis revealed that oxidative phosphorylation was the most abundant pathway. Hence, it was speculated that the function of PPWD1 may be linked to energy metabolism in mitochondria. To confirm this hypothesis, GSEA analysis was carried out. Notably, our results revealed that the fatty acid metabolism pathway was significantly enriched in the samples with a high expression of PPWD1. Therefore, PPWD1 may play a role in the fatty acid oxidation pathway, which is functionally inter-linked to the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, as both derive ATP through the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Notably, many studies have highlighted the role of fatty acids in bone metabolism, including bone formation and resorption (2327). Treatment with palmitate has been revealed to block the osteoblast differentiation of fetal rat calvarial cells (28). Independently, Kim et al demonstrated that a medium-chain fatty acid, capric acid, inhibits the osteoclast differentiation induced by RANKL (29). Recently, Lavadogarcía et al described a positive correlation between a dietary intake of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and BMD in normal and osteopenia Spanish women (30). However, the exact function of PPWD1 requires investigation to identify whether it may have an effect on bone metabolism by regulating fatty acid metabolism.

In summary, the present study used a weighted gene co-expression analysis to construct a gene co-expression network to identify and validate hub genes associated with menopausal status and BMD. Subsequently, PPWD1 was identified and validated in association with the occurrence of PMO, and the present findings highlighted the potential of PPWD1 as a possible diagnostic biomarker for PMO.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

The present study was supported in part by grants from the Medical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province (nos. 2016KYB082 and 2017KY049), the Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province (no. 2017C37152) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 81500616 and 81701365).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

GFQ, LSY and YX designed the study. GFQ and LSY analyzed the data and drafted the manuscript. MC, DY, GPC, ZZ, CJL, VV and YX analyzed the data and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the research in ensuring that the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

1 

Kanis JA, Melton LJ III, Christiansen C, Johnston CC and Khaltaev N: The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 9:1137–1141. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Si L, Winzenberg TM, Jiang Q, Chen M and Palmer AJ: Projection of osteoporosis-related fractures and costs in China: 2010–2050. Osteoporos Int. 26:1929–1937. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Burge R, Dawson-Hughes B, Solomon DH, Wong JB, King A and Tosteson A: Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005–2025. J Bone Miner Res. 22:4652007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Eastell R, O'Neill TW, Hofbauer LC, Langdahl B, Reid IR, Gold DT and Cummings SR: Postmenopausal osteoporosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2:160692016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Almeida M, Martin-Millan M, Ambrogini E, Bradsher R III, Han L, Chen XD, Roberson PK, Weinstein RS, O'Brien CA, Jilka RL and Manolagas SC: Estrogens attenuate oxidative stress and the differentiation and apoptosis of osteoblasts by DNA-binding-independent actions of the ERα. J Bone Miner Res. 25:769–781. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Goettsch C, Babelova A, Trummer O, Erben RG, Rauner M, Rammelt S, Weissmann N, Weinberger V, Benkhoff S, Kampschulte M, et al: NADPH oxidase 4 limits bone mass by promoting osteoclastogenesis. J Clin Inves. 123:4731–4738. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Langfelder P and Horvath S: WGCNA: An R package for weighted correlation network analysis. BMC Bioinformatics. 9:5592008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Yuan L, Zeng G, Chen L, Wang G and Wang X, Cao X, Lu M, Liu X, Qian G, Xiao Y and Wang X: Identification of key genes and pathways in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) by co-expression analysis. Int J Biol Sci. 14:266–279. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Chen L, Yuan L, Wang Y, Wang G, Zhu Y, Cao R, Qian G, Xie C, Liu X, Xiao Y and Wang X: Co-expression network analysis identified FCER1G in association with progression and prognosis in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Biol Sci. 13:1361–1372. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Yuan L, Chen L, Qian K, Wang G, Lu M, Qian G, Cao X, Jiang W, Xiao Y and Wang X: A novel correlation betweenATP5A1gene expression and progression of human clear cell renal cell carcinoma identified by co-expression analysis. Oncol Rep. 39:5252018.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Yuan L, Chen L, Qian K, Qian G, Wu CL, Wang X and Xiao Y: Co-expression network analysis identified six hub genes in association with progression and prognosis in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Genom Data. 14:132–140. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Chen L, Yuan L, Wang G, Cao R, Peng J, Shu B, Qian G, Wang X and Xiao Y: Identification and bioinformatics analysis of miRNAs associated with human muscle invasive bladder cancer. Mol Med Rep. 16:8709–8720. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Yuan L, Shu B, Chen L, Qian K, Wang Y, Qian G, Zhu Y, Cao X, Xie C, Xiao Y and Wang X: Overexpression of COL3A1 confers a poor prognosis in human bladder cancer identified by co-expression analysis. Oncotarget. 8:70508–70520. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Shi H, Zhang L, Qu Y, Hou L, Wang L and Zheng M: Prognostic genes of breast cancer revealed by gene co-expression network analysis. Oncol Lett. 14:4535–4542. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Zhang Y, Wang J, Ji LJ, Li L, Wei M, Zhen S and Wen CC: Identification of key gene modules of neuropathic pain by co-expression analysis. J Cell Biochem. 118:44362017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Horvath S and Dong J: Geometric interpretation of gene co-expression network analysis. PLoS Comput Biol. 4:e10001172008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Farber CR: Identification of a gene module associated with BMD through the integration of network analysis and genome-wide association data. J Bone Miner Res. 25:2359–2367. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Zhang L, Liu YZ, Zeng Y, Zhu W, Zhao YC, Zhang JG, Zhu JQ, He H, Shen H, Tian Q, et al: Network-based proteomic analysis for postmenopausal osteoporosis in Caucasian females. Proteomics. 16:12–28. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Chen YC, Guo YF, He H, He H, Lin X, Wang XF, Zhou R, Li WT, Pan DY, Shen J and Deng HW: Integrative analysis of genomics and transcriptome data to identify potential functional genes of BMDs in females. J Bone Miner Res. 31:1041–1049. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Nomura N, Nagase T, Miyajima N, Sazuka T, Tanaka A, Sato S, Seki N, Kawarabayasi Y, Ishikawa K and Tabata S: Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. II. The coding sequences of 40 new genes (KIAA0041-KIAA0080) deduced by analysis of cDNA clones from human cell line KG-1 (supplement). DNA Res. 1:251–162. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Jurica MS and Moore MJ: Pre-mRNA splicing: Awash in a sea of proteins. Mol Cell. 12:5–14. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Davis TL, Walker JR, Ouyang H, MacKenzie F, Butler-Cole C, Newman EM, Eisenmesser EZ and Dhe-Paganon S: The crystal structure of human WD40 repeat-containing peptidylprolyl isomerase (PPWD1). FEBS J. 275:2283–2295. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Lee WC, Guntur AR, Long F and Rosen CJ: Energy metabolism of the osteoblast: Implications for osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 38:255–266. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Kruger MC, Coetzee M, Haag M and Weiler H: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: Selected mechanisms of action on bone. Prog Lipid Res. 49:438–449. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Frey JL, Li Z, Ellis JM, Zhang Q, Farber CR, Aja S, Wolfgang MJ, Clemens TL and Riddle RC: Wnt-Lrp5 signaling regulates fatty acid metabolism in the osteoblast. Mol Cell Biol. 35:1979–1991. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Kushwaha P, Wolfgang MJ and Riddle RC: Fatty acid metabolism by the osteoblast. Bone. 115:8–14. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Lin G, Wang H, Dai J, Li X, Guan M, Gao S, Ding Q, Wang H and Fang H: Conjugated linoleic acid prevents age-induced bone loss in mice by regulating both osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 490:813–823. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Yeh LCC, Ford JJ, Lee JC and Adamo ML: Palmitate attenuates osteoblast differentiation of fetal rat calvarial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 450:777–781. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Kim HJ, Yoon HJ, Kim SY and Yoon YR: A medium-chain fatty acid, capric acid, inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation via the suppression of NF-κB signaling and blocks cytoskeletal organization and survival in mature osteoclasts. Mol Cells. 37:598–604. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Lavadogarcía J, Ronceromartin R, Moran JM, Pedrera-Canal M, Aliaga I, Leal-Hernandez O, Rico-Martin S and Canal- Macias ML: Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary intake is positively associated with bone mineral density in normal and osteopenic Spanish women. PLoS One. 13:e01905392018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

Journal Cover

October-2019
Volume 20 Issue 4

Print ISSN: 1791-2997
Online ISSN:1791-3004

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Qian GF, Yuan LS, Chen M, Ye D, Chen GP, Zhang Z, Li CJ, Vijayan V and Xiao Y: PPWD1 is associated with the occurrence of postmenopausal osteoporosis as determined by weighted gene co‑expression network analysis. Mol Med Rep 20: 3202-3214, 2019.
APA
Qian, G., Yuan, L., Chen, M., Ye, D., Chen, G., Zhang, Z. ... Xiao, Y. (2019). PPWD1 is associated with the occurrence of postmenopausal osteoporosis as determined by weighted gene co‑expression network analysis. Molecular Medicine Reports, 20, 3202-3214. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2019.10570
MLA
Qian, G., Yuan, L., Chen, M., Ye, D., Chen, G., Zhang, Z., Li, C., Vijayan, V., Xiao, Y."PPWD1 is associated with the occurrence of postmenopausal osteoporosis as determined by weighted gene co‑expression network analysis". Molecular Medicine Reports 20.4 (2019): 3202-3214.
Chicago
Qian, G., Yuan, L., Chen, M., Ye, D., Chen, G., Zhang, Z., Li, C., Vijayan, V., Xiao, Y."PPWD1 is associated with the occurrence of postmenopausal osteoporosis as determined by weighted gene co‑expression network analysis". Molecular Medicine Reports 20, no. 4 (2019): 3202-3214. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2019.10570