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Introduction

Ischemic reperfusion (I/R) commonly occurs after shock therapy, artery bypass and cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (1–3). The functions of tissues and organs normally recover after I/R; however, I/R injury may aggravate and cause severe complications, including stroke (4). The outcome of myocardial surgery I/R is closely associated with the occurrence of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury (MIRI). Previous studies have reported that oxygen free radical injury (5), energy metabolism disorder in cardiomyocytes (6), calcium overload (7), apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and other inflammatory diseases (8–10) serve important roles in MIRI. During reperfusion, a large amount of inflammatory factors is produced to promote tissue infiltration of inflammatory cells, thus affecting cell structures and functions (11). Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in cells is a major characteristic of I/R, and is frequently used to simulate the activity of I/R (12,13). Low cell viability, high apoptosis and inflammatory responses occur after cell injury induced by H/R (14).

Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is a new α2-adrenergic receptor agonist with high selectivity that and exerts analgesic (15), anti-stress (16) and anti-inflammatory (17) effects. Chen et al (18) have demonstrated that Dex exerts protective effects on postoperative cognitive dysfunction by downregulating the expression levels of inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and NF-κB in rats. Wang et al (19) have investigated the mechanism of lidocaine-induced cytotoxicity and reported that the anti-inflammatory effect of Dex may be achieved by suppressing the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway to affect the expression of caspase-3 and Bcl-2 and reduce apoptosis. Additionally, Dex has been reported to reduce the expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and other cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) in rat lung cells (20). Through regulating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α signaling pathway, Dex alleviates encephala edema and apoptosis in the presence of PGC-1α expression, thus protecting neurons from oxidative stress (21). In addition, Liu et al (22) explored the effects of Dex on injury caused by ischemia in neuronal cells, and the results demonstrated that Dex promoted neuronal cell viability and reduced apoptosis, as well as the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 expression levels. In the present study, an H/R-induced H9C2 cell model was constructed and pretreated with Dex to investigate the protective effects of Dex on H/R injury in cardiomyocytes and its mechanism in the C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) signaling pathway.

Materials and methods

Cell culture and grouping

The H9C2 (2–1) cell line was obtained from The Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (cat. no. GNR 5). The cells were incubated in 90% DMEM (GIBCO; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) containing 10% FBS (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and 100 U/ml penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) with 5% CO2 at 37°C. The cells were divided into control, Dex, H/R, and Dex+H/R groups. The control group was normally cultured; Dex group was pretreated with 1 µM Dex (Beijing Huamaike Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) for 1 h and cultured normally; the H/R group was deoxidized using 4 mM sodium dithionite for 1 h and reoxidized for 12 h; the Dex+H/R group was pretreated with 1 µM Dex followed by H/R treatment.

Cell transfection

Cell transfection was performed as previously described (23). Small interfering (si)RNA targeting CHOP (siCHOP; cat. no. siB078266608-1-5; Guangzhou RiboBio Co.), si-negative control (NC; siNC; cat. no. siN0000002-1-5), pCMV6-XL5-CHOP (cat. no. SC117581; Origene Technologies, Inc.) and its NC overexpression vector (pCMV6-XL5; cat. no. PCMV6XL5; Origene Technologies, Inc.) were dissolved in 50 μl DMEM (HyClone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences) and used to overexpress or knock down the expression of CHOP. Prior to cell transfection, the cells were digested, thoroughly mixed, seeded into a 6-well plate (1×106 cells/ml) and evenly distributed in an orifice plate. After culturing overnight until the cells reached 60–70% confluency, the cells were transfected with 20 pmol siCHOP, CHOP siNC and NC in DMEM using Lipofectamine® 2000 transfection reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 48 h at 37°C. At 24 h post-transfection, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blotting were used to detect the transfection efficiency. After the transfection, the H9C2 cells were divided into control, H/R, Dex+H/R, siNC+Dex+H/R and siCHOP+Dex+H/R groups to detect the effects of silencing CHOP on H/R injury to the cells, whereas those in the H/R, Dex+H/R, NC+Dex+H/R, CHOP+Dex+H/R groups were used to explore the effects of CHOP overexpression in H9C2 cells.

MTT assay

H9C2 cells were seeded (2×104 cells/well) into 96-well plates. MTT (10 µl; Amresco) was added to each well and cultured for 4 h at room temperature. Subsequently, 100 µl DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) was added into each well and gently agitated for 10 min at room temperature. The optical density (OD) was detected using a microplate reader at 490 nm.

2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine colorimetric assay

The cells were collected and centrifuged at 255 × g for 2 min at room temperature to obtain the supernatant. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were determined by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine colorimetric assay (cat. no. A020-1-2; Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The OD value was determined using a microplate reader at 440 nm.

Flow cytometry

Early and late apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry to explore the effects of Dex, overexpression or knockdown of CHOP on H9C2 cells using the FITC/propidium iodide (PI) Apoptosis Detection Kit [cat. no. 70-AP101-100; Multisciences (Lianke) Biotech Co., Ltd.]. The cells were centrifuged at 1,000 × g at 4°C for 5 min to collect the sediments, blocked with 70% ethanol for 2 h at 4°C and dyed with Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and PI. Finally, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (BD FACScanto II; BD Biosciences) and FlowJo software (version 7.6.1; FlowJo LLC).

RT-qPCR

The relative mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CHOP and 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (Grp78) in H9C2 cells were determined by RT-qPCR. Total RNAs were extracted from H9C2 cells using QIAshredder and an RNeasy Kit (Qiagen GmbH), and the RNA concentration was detected. A total of 1.0 µg RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using SuperScirpt™ II Reverse Transcriptase (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) with 5 µl First-Strand Buffer, 1 µl dNTP mix and 100 ng primers at 37°C for 60 min and 4°C for 5 min. Subsequently, qPCR was performed using SYBR Fast qPCR Mix (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The following thermocycling conditions were used for qPCR: Initial denaturation at 95°C for 15 min; denaturation 95°C for 10 sec; 40 cycles at 60°C for 30 sec (annealing) and at 72°C for 30 sec (extension); and final extension at 72°C for 7 min. The expression levels of RT-qPCR products were determined by the 2−ΔΔCq method (24). GADPH served as the internal reference, and the primer sequences are presented in Table I.

Table I. Primer sequences used for RT-qPCR.

Table I.

Primer sequences used for RT-qPCR.

Primer	Sequences (5′→3′)
TNF-α	Forward: ATGGGCTCCCTCTCATCAGT
	Reverse: GCTTGGTGGTTTGCTACGAC
IL-1β	Forward: TCCTCGTGACTCGTGGGAT
	Reverse: GGTGTGCAGATGCCGGTTCAG
IL-6	Forward: CCAGTTGCCTTCTTGGGACT
	Reverse: GGTCTGTTGTGGGTGGTATCC
Grp78	Forward: GGTGCAGCAGGACATCAAGTT
	Reverse: CCCACCTCCAATATCAACTTGA
CHOP	Forward: CTGGAAGCCTGGTATGAGGAT
	Reverse: CAGGGTCAAGAGTAGTGAAGGT
GAPDH	Forward: AGAAGGCTGG GGCTCATTTG
	Reverse: AGGGGCCATC CACAGTCTTC

[i] TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; Grp78, glucose-regulated protein-78; CHOP, C/EBP-homologous protein; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Western blotting

The protein expression levels of CHOP and Grp78 were measured by western blotting. The total proteins of H9C2 cells were harvested by radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology), and the protein concentration was measured by a bicinchoninic acid protein assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). The proteins (20 µg/lane) were separated by SDS-PAGE and electrotransferred to PVDF membranes, which were blocked with 5% skimmed milk at room temperature for 1 h. The membranes were then incubated with CHOP (1:200; cat. no. ab11419; Abcam), Grp78 (1:100; cat. no. ab21685; Abcam) and GAPDH (1:10,000; cat. no. ab181602; Abcam) primary antibodies at 4°C overnight. The membranes were rinsed with TBST (0.05% Tween-20) and incubated with the specific horseradish peroxide-conjugated secondary antibodies for CHOP (goat anti-mouse; 1:2,000; cat. no. ab205719; Abcam), Grp78 (goat anti-rabbit; 1:5,000; cat. no. ab205718; Abcam) and GAPDH (goat anti-rabbit; 1:1,000; cat. no. ab6721; Abcam) for 2 h at room temperature. The protein bands were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Protein expression was quantified using Quantity One software (version 4.4; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.).

ELISA

The cells were treated and suspended, the culture supernatants were collected into a 1-ml centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 3,000 × g for 10 min at room temperature, and the supernatant was collected. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdelyde (MDA) were measured using ELISA kits (SOD, cat. no. 19160; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA; NO, cat. no. S0021; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology; MDA, cat. no. MAK085c; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) according to the manufacturers' instructions. The absorbance was measured at 450 nm using an Infinite M200 PRO microplate reader (Tecan Group, Ltd.).

Statistical analysis

SPSS 17.0 (SPSS, Inc.) software was used for data analysis. The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test was used for multiple group analysis. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Effects of Dex on cell viability, LDH level, apoptosis and expression of inflammatory factors in H9C2 cells

The H9C2 cells were induced by H/R, and cell viability was detected by MTT assay. The results demonstrated that H9C2 cell viability was significantly lower in the H/R group compared with that in the control group, and that the Dex+H/R group exhibited significantly higher cell viability compared with that in the H/R group (Fig. 1A). Additionally, LDH levels were significantly higher in the H/R group compared with the control and Dex+H/R groups (Fig. 1B). The results also demonstrated a higher apoptotic rate in the H/R group compared with that in the control group, and the apoptotic rate was significantly lower in the Dex+H/R group compared with the H/R group (Fig. 1C and D). In the H/R group, the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly higher compared with those in the control group, whereas the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly lower in the Dex+H/R group compared with those in the H/R group (Fig. 2A).

Figure 1. Effects of H/R and Dex on cell viability, LDH level and apoptosis in H9C2 cells. (A) Cell viability of H9C2 cells was determined by MTT assay at 24 h. (B) LDH levels of H9C2 cells were determined by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine colorimetric assay. (C and D) Apoptotic rates of H9C2 cells were determined by flow cytometry. **P<0.001 vs. control; ##P<0.001 vs. H/R. H/R, hypoxia/reoxygenation; Dex, dexmedetomidine; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; OD, optical density; PI, propidium iodide.

Figure 2. Expression levels of inflammatory factors and the CHOP signaling pathway in H9C2 cells. (A) Expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in H9C2 cells determined by RT-qPCR. (B-D) Expression levels of CHOP and Grp78 in H9C2 cells were determined by (B and C) western blotting and (D) RT-qPCR. **P<0.001 vs. control; #P<0.05, ##P<0.001 vs. H/R. CHOP, C/EBP-homologous protein; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; Dex, dexmedetomidine; H/R, hypoxia/reoxygenation.

Dex affects the CHOP signaling pathway

CHOP and Grp78 expression levels were determined by RT-qPCR and western blotting. Both mRNA and protein expression levels of CHOP and Grp78 were significantly upregulated in the H/R group compared with the control group, whereas in the Dex-+H/R group, CHOP and Grp78 expression levels were significantly lower compared with those in the H/R group (Fig. 2B-D).

Effects of silencing CHOP on cell viability, LDH level, apoptosis and expression of inflammatory factors and Grp78 in H9C2 cells

siCHOP was transfected into H9C2 cells, and the transfection efficiency was measured by western blotting. The expression of CHOP in the siCHOP group was significantly lower compared with the control and siNC groups (Fig. 3). In addition, MTT assay revealed that the cell viability was significantly higher in the siCHOP+Dex+H/R group compared with the siNC+Dex+H/R group (Fig. 4A). In addition, the LDH levels and apoptotic rates were significantly lower in the siCHOP+ Dex+H/R group compared with the H/R and siNC+ Dex+H/R groups (Fig. 4B-D). In the H/R group, the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly higher compared with the control group; by contrast, the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly lower in the Dex+H/R and siCHOP+ Dex+H/R groups compared with the H/R and siNC+ Dex+H/R groups (Fig. 5A). Furthermore, the protein and mRNA expression levels of Grp78 were significantly elevated in the H/R group compared with the control, whereas the expression levels of Grp78 were lower in the Dex+H/R and siCHOP+ Dex+H/R groups compared with the H/R and siNC+H/R groups (Fig. 5B-D).

Figure 3. Transfection efficiency of siCHOP in H9C2 cells. (A and B) CHOP protein and (C) mRNA expression levels relative to GAPDH in control cells or cells transfected with siNC or siCHOP were determined by (A and B) western blotting and (C) RT-qPCR, respectively. **P<0.001 vs. control; ##P<0.001 vs. siNC. CHOP, C/EBP-homologous protein; si, small interfering; NC, negative control; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR.

Figure 4. Effects of CHOP silencing on cell viability, LDH level and apoptosis in H9C2 cells. (A) Cell viability of H9C2 cells was determined by MTT assay at 24 h. (B) LDH levels of H9C2 cells were determined by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine colorimetric assay. (C and D) Apoptotic rates of H9C2 cells were determined by flow cytometry. **P<0.001 vs. control; ##P<0.001 vs. H/R; ^^P<0.001 vs. siNC+Dex+HR. CHOP, C/EBP-homologous protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase, H/R, hypoxia/reoxygenation; Dex, dexmedetomidine; si, small interfering; NC, negative control; OD, optical density; PI, propidium iodide.

Figure 5. Effects of CHOP silencing on the expression of inflammatory factors and Grp78 in H9C2 cells. (A) Expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in H9C2 cells were detected by RT-qPCR. (B-D) Expression levels of Grp78 in H9C2 cells were determined by (B and C) western blotting and (D) RT-qPCR. **P<0.001 vs. control; #P<0.05, ##P<0.001 vs. H/R; ^P<0.05, ^^P<0.001 vs. siNC+Dex+HR. TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; Dex, dexmedetomidine; H/R, hypoxia/reoxygenation; si, small interfering; NC, negative control; CHOP, C/EBP-homologous protein.

Effects of CHOP overexpression on cell viability, LDH level, apoptosis and expression of inflammatory factors and Grp78 in H9C2 cells

The CHOP overexpression plasmid was transfected into H9C2 cells, and significantly higher levels of CHOP were observed in the CHOP group compared with the control and NC groups (Fig. 6A-C). The effect of CHOP overexpression on cell viability was then measured; compared with the H/R and Dex+H/R groups, cell viability was significantly lower in the CHOP+Dex+H/R group (Fig. 6D). The CHOP+Dex+H/R group exhibited significantly higher LDH levels and apoptotic rates compared with the H/R and Dex+H/R groups (Fig. 6E-G). Furthermore, the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly lower in the Dex+H/R and NC+Dex+H/R groups, but significantly higher in the CHOP+Dex+H/R group compared with the H/R group (Fig. 7A). The Grp78 protein and mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in the CHOP+Dex+H/R group compared with the Dex+H/R group (Fig. 7B-D).

Figure 6. Transfection efficiency of CHOP and effects of CHOP overexpression on cell viability, LDH level and apoptosis in H9C2 cells. (A-C) Expression levels of CHOP were determined by (A and B) western blotting and (C) RT-qPCR. (D) Cell viability of H9C2 cells was determined by MTT assay at 24 h. (E) LDH levels of H9C2 cells determined by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine colorimetric assay. (F and G) Apoptotic rates of H9C2 cells were determined by flow cytometry. **P<0.001 vs. Control; ##P<0.001 vs. NC or H/R; &&P<0.001 vs. Dex+H/R; ^^P<0.001 vs. NC+Dex+HR. CHOP, C/EBP-homologous protein; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PC; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; H/R, hypoxia/reoxygenation; Dex, dexmedetomidine; NC, negative control; OD, optical density; PI, propidium iodide.

Figure 7. Effects of CHOP overexpression on the expression levels of inflammatory factors and Grp78 in H9C2 cells. (A) Expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in H9C2 were detected by RT-qPCR. (B and C) Protein and (D) mRNA expression levels of Grp78 in H9C2 cells were determined by (B and C) western blotting (D) and RT-qPCR. *P<0.05, **P<0.001 vs. H/R; #P<0.05, ##P<0.001 vs. Dex+H/R; ^P<0.05, ^^P<0.001 vs. NC+Dex+H/R. TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; Dex, dexmedetomidine; H/R, hypoxia/reoxygenation; NC, negative control; CHOP, C/EBP-homologous protein.

Effects of silencing CHOP on the SOD activity and NO and MDA levels in H/R-induced H9C2 cells

The effects of silencing CHOP on H/R-induced H9C2 cells were further observed by measuring SOD activity, as well as MDA and NO levels. The results demonstrated that the SOD activity was significantly decreased in the H/R-group compared with the control group, and that the SOD activity was significantly higher in the Dex+H/R and siCHOP+Dex+H/R groups compared with that in the H/R and siNC+Dex+H/R groups, respectively (Fig. 8A). In addition, the NO and MDA levels were significantly higher in the H/R group compared with the control group, but significantly lower in the Dex+H/R and siCHOP+ Dex+H/R groups compared with the HR and siNC+ Dex+H/R groups (Fig. 8B and C).

Figure 8. Effects of CHOP knockdown on the SOD activity, and NO and MDA levels in H/R-induced H9C2 cells. The levels of (A) SOD, (B) NO and (C) MDA were measured using ELISA kits. **P<0.001 vs. H/R; #P<0.05 and ##P<0.001 vs. Dex+H/R; ^P<0.05 and ^^P<0.001 vs. siNC+Dex+H/R. CHOP, C/EBP-homologous protein; SOD, superoxide dismutase; NO, nitric oxide; MDA, malondialdelyde; H/R, hypoxia/reoxygenation; Dex, dexmedetomidine; si, small interfering; NC, negative control.

Discussion

Dex has been demonstrated to reduce H/R-induced damage in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (25). In addition, Dex reduces H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in neonatal rats through mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum-mediated oxidative stress pathways (26). To explore the mechanism of Dex pretreatment in the present study, an H/R model was constructed in H9C2 cells using sodium dithionite. Sodium dithionite depletes oxygen in the culture medium and simulates an anoxic environment, which causes hypoxic injury in cells without damaging the cell membrane; thus, it is frequently used to induce H/R injury in cells (27,28). In the present study, the H/R model was established with or without the pretreatment of Dex; the results demonstrated that H/R significantly reduced the viability of H9C2 cells, promoted apoptosis and increased the expression levels of LDH and inflammatory factors, whereas Dex pretreatment prior to H/R increased the cell viability and suppressed the release of LDH and inflammatory factors. LDH occurs ubiquitously in cardiomyocytes and is released into the blood upon damage to the cell membrane (29). Accordingly, the level of LDH in the supernatant of the culture medium may reflect the degree of cardiomyocyte injury (30–32). In corroboration with the results of the present study, previous studies have demonstrated that the level of LDH is significantly higher in the H/R-induced I/R injury compared with the control in cardiomyocytes (33–35). The inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 are commonly recognized as inflammatory indicators (36). TNF-α and IL-1β are responsible for the stimulation of chemokines and the secretion of adhesion molecules in ischemic tissues, and IL-6 is responsible for the regulation of inflammation (37,38). Previous studies have reported that Dex induces multiple protective effects on MIRI (39), and such findings were further supported by the present study. Yu et al (40) have reported that microRNA-665 and Dex protect cardiomyocytes against I/R injury caused by oxide stress and suppress apoptosis. Additionally, by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines, Dex attenuates the I/R injury induced by bilateral renal pedicle clamping (41).

The present study further explored the effects of CHOP on H9C2 cells induced by H/R. Yang et al (42) have observed that the expression levels of CHOP and Grp78 are significantly upregulated in cardiomyocytes following I/R. During the H/R process, high CHOP and Grp78 expression levels in H9C2 cells are present (43). CHOP serves a role in the apoptosis signaling pathways (44,45). CHOP and Grp78 are endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins and are widely recognized as ER stress markers (46). Evidence suggests important roles for ER stress proteins in the cardiomyocyte apoptosis caused by H/R process and its regulation on CHOP in ER stress-induced autophagy (47,48). In H/R-induced H9C2 cell autophagy, the high expression level of CHOP is reduced by the inhibition of ER stress (49). Liu et al (26) have reported that Dex alleviates cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by H2O2 via ER stress pathways. Furthermore, Dex treatment has been observed to attenuate cerebral I/R injury by moderating the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/CHOP/Caspase-11 pathway through inhibition of the expression of ER stress-related apoptotic pathway proteins (50). In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, pretreatment with Dex increases cell the survival rate, decreases expression of CHOP and caspase-3 protein, and the apoptotic rate of H/R-induced cells, suggesting a possible association between Dex and the CHOP signaling pathway in H/R induced apoptosis (51). In the present study, western blotting and RT-qPCR demonstrated that pretreatment with Dex significantly suppressed the H/R-induced high expression levels of CHOP and Grp78, suggesting a potential association between Dex and the CHOP signaling pathway. Additionally, in H/R-injured cells, knockdown of CHOP expression promoted cell viability, inhibited apoptosis and suppressed the release of LDH and expression of inflammatory factors and Grp78, whereas the overexpression of CHOP aggravated the cell injury induced by H/R. These results suggested that the block of CHOP may attenuate the negative effects of H/R on cell viability and apoptosis, release of LDH and the expression of inflammatory factors and Grp78 of H9C2 cells, and that the overexpression of CHOP inhibited the protective effects of Dex on cardiomyocytes.

However, the present study is still not rigorous enough; the effects of Dex on the cardiomyocytes of H/R-injured neonatal mice need further research. In future studies, an H/R injury mouse model will be established or neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes will be selected for research.

In conclusion, the present study explored the effects of Dex on H/R-induced H9C2 cells and observed that the pretreatment with Dex may alleviate H/R-induced cell injury through regulating the CHOP pathway.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

XS, ZL and JL made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, data acquisition, analysis and interpretation, drafted the manuscript and critically revised it for important intellectual content. All authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References