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Introduction

Age-related cataract (ARC) is the leading cause of vision impairment and blindness worldwide (1). Surgery is the most effective treatment strategy for cataracts (2,3). However, some postoperative complications may occur, such as posterior capsule opacification (3,4). Previous studies have demonstrated that lens epithelial cell apoptosis is an early event in cataract development (5,6). Thus, determining the underlying molecular mechanism of lens epithelial cells in cataract remains essential.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs (~22 nt) that can modulate the transcription of genes (7,8). Previous studies have reported that abnormal expression of miRNAs is involved in cataracts development (9,10). For example, miR-34 facilitates apoptosis of lens epithelial cells via transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smads signaling (11). Furthermore, miR-378a modulates reactive oxygen species and the PI3K/AKT pathway in cataract (12), while miR-23b-3p regulates lens epithelial cell apoptosis and autophagy by repressing sirtuin-1 in cataract (13). Recently, miR-124 was reported to repress the viability and invasion of retinoblastoma cells by regulating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) (14). However, the function of miR-124 in ARC progression remains unclear.

Several studies have suggested that dysregulation of protein sprouty homolog 2 (SPRY2) participates in the progression of different ocular diseases (15,16). For example, Shin et al (17) reported that SPRY2 overexpression in lens cells suppresses TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transition and cataract formation. In addition, Tan et al (18) demonstrated that SPRY2 inhibits the development of lens epithelial cells in anterior subcapsular cataract via the TGF-β signaling pathway.

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is crucial for retinoblastoma cellular migration and angiogenesis (19). Awasthi et al (20) demonstrated that downregulation of MMP-2 by proteasome suppression decreases the migration of lens epithelial cells and prevents posterior capsular opacification. However, the biological roles of SPRY2 and MMP-2 in ARC are yet to be investigated.

Thus, the present study aimed to investigate miR-124 expression in ARC tissues and determine whether miR-124 modulates lens epithelial cell apoptosis by regulating SPRY2 and MMP-2.

Materials and methods

Clinical samples

A total of 28 ARC anterior capsular tissues (cataracts) and paired normal anterior capsule tissues (without cataracts) were collected from the First People's Hospital of Changzhou (Changzhou, China) between September 2016 and February 2018. The patients included 16 women and 12 men, with a mean age of 63 years (age range, 58–72 years). Based on Lens Opacities Classification System III (21), 28 patients whose lenses with a score of C1-C3, N1-N3, or P1-P3 were enrolled as ARC group, and 28 age-matched individuals who underwent vitrectomy operation of epiretinal membranes were taken as the control group. Patients with complex cataracts with high myopia, ocular trauma, diabetes, and ocular inflammation were excluded from the study. The tissue samples were rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at −80°C prior to subsequent experimentation. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First People's Hospital of Changzhou and all patients provided written informed consent prior to the study.

Cell culture

The human lens epithelial cell line, SRA01/04, was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection and maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 100 U/ml penicillin (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), and 100 U/ml streptomycin (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37°C in 5% CO2.

Cell transfection

Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting SPRY2 (shSPRY2; 10 nM; 5′-CCUUACCAUUCCUCCACUUTT-3′), shRNA targeting MMP-2 (shMMP-2; 10 nM; 5′-GCUGACCUGGAAGAGAACATT-3′) and their negative control (shNC; 10 nM; 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUC-3′), miR-124 mimics (10 nM; 5′-AACAUUCAACGCUGUCGGUGAGU-3′), NC mimics (10 nM; 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3′), miR-124 inhibitor (10 nM; 5′-ACUCACCGACAGCGUUGAAUGUU-3′) and NC inhibitor (10 nM; 5′-CAGUACUUUUGUGUAGUACAA-3′) were purchased from Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. Cell transfection was performed in SRA01/04 (1×105 cells/well) using Lipofectamine® 2000 reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 48 h at 37°C according to the manufacturer's instructions. The full-length of SPRY2 and MMP-2 were subcloned into pcDNA3.1 (10 nM; Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd.) to overexpress SPRY2 and MMP-2 levels with empty pcDNA3.1 (10 nM; Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd.) serving as the control. The efficiency of transfection was determined in each experiment using reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q)PCR 48 h post-transfection. Subsequent experiments were performed at 48 h post-transfection.

RT-qPCR

Total RNA was extracted from ARC tissues and SRA01/04 cells using TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using the PrimeScript™ RT Reagent Kit (cat. no. RR047A; Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. miR-124 expression was detected using the TaqMan™ MicroRNA kit (cat. no. 4440885; Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). qPCR was subsequently performed using the TB Green® Premix Ex Taq™ II detection kit (cat. no. RR820A; Takara Bio, Inc.) and LightCycler® 480 Real-Time PCR System (Roche Diagnostics). The following thermocycling conditions were used for qPCR: Initial denaturation at 95°C for 3 min; 40 cycles of 95°C for 5 sec and 60°C for 30 sec. Relative expression levels were calculated using the 2−∆∆Cq method (22) and normalized to the internal reference genes GAPDH or U6. The sequences of the primers were as follows: miR-124 forward, 5′-GTTGGTGGGAGCTACATTGTCTGC-3′ and reverse, 5′- GTGTCGTGGACTCGGCAATTC-3′; SPRY2 forward, 5′-TCGGCAGGTCCCTTTGTCATCC-3′ and reverse, 5′-TGCAGGTCAACTGGTGTCGT-3′; MMP-2 forward, 5′-CACTTCCACCACCTCCTGTT-3′ and reverse, 5′-TGACCGCTTTCTCCTAGCTC-3′; GAPDH forward, 5′-TGAGCGCGGCTACAGCTT-3′ and reverse, 5′-TCCTTAATGTCACGCACGATTT-3′; U6 forward, 5′-ATTGGAACGATACAGAGAAGATT-3′ and reverse, 5′-GGAACGCTTCACGAATTTG-3′.

Cell proliferation

The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8; Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc.) assay was performed to assess cell viability. Briefly, SRA01/04 cells were seeded into 96-well plates at 1×104 cells per well. Following incubation for 48 h at 37°C, 10 µl CCK-8 reagent was added to each well and cell viability was subsequently analyzed at a wavelength of 450 nm, using a microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).

Cell apoptosis

The TUNEL assay was performed using the One-Step TUNEL Apoptosis Assay kit (cat. no. C1089; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) to assess cell apoptosis according to the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, SRA01/04 cells (1×104) were seeded onto coverslips and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at 4°C for 25 min. Cells were subsequently treated with DAPI solution (300 nM) at room temperature for 1 min and observed in five randomly selected fields of view under a fluorescence microscope (Olympus Corporation; magnification, ×200).

Dual-luciferase reporter assay

starbase (starbase.sysu.edu.cn/) was used to predict the potential target sequences between miR-124 and SPRY2 and between miR-124 and MMP-2. The mutant sequences of SPRY2 and MMP-2 were generated using a Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (cat. no. E0554S; New England Biolabs, Inc.). The wild-type (wt) or mutant (mut) 3′-untranlasted region of SPRY2 or MMP-2 was cloned into a pmirGLO reporter vector (Promega Corporation). The pmirGLO-SPRY2-wt, SPRY2-mut, pmirGLO-MMP-2-wt or MMP-2-mut reporter vector was co-transfected with miR-124 mimics, NC mimics, miR-124 inhibitor or NC inhibitor into SRA01/04 cells (1×105 cells/well) using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Following incubation for 48 h at 37°C, the luciferase activities were detected using a Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega Corporation). Renilla luciferase activity was used as the normalization.

Western blotting

Total protein was extracted from SRA01/04 cells using RIPA buffer. (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Total protein was quantified using an Enhanced BCA Protein Assay kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology), following which, 50 µg protein/lane was separated via SDS-PAGE on 10% gel (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA). The separated proteins were transferred onto PVDF membranes (EMD Millipore) and subsequently blocked with 5% skimmed milk for 1 h at room temperature. The membranes were then incubated for 12 h at 4°C with the primary antibodies (all Abcam): Anti-SPRY2 (1:1,000; cat. no. ab180527), anti-MMP-2 (1:1,000; cat. no. ab92536) and anti-GAPDH (1:1,000, cat. no. ab9485). Following the primary incubation, membranes were incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies goat anti-rabbit immunoglobin G (IgG; 1:20,000; cat. no. ab205718; Abcam) for 2 h at 37°C. Protein bands were visualized using an ECL detection system (EMD Millipore).

RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP)

Argonaute 2 (Ago2) RIP was used to determine the interaction between miR-124 and SPRY2 or MMP-2, using the EZ-Magna RIP™ RNA-Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation kit (cat. no. 17-701; EMD Millipore). Briefly, SRA01/04 cells (1×105 cells/well) were transfected with miR-124 mimics or NC mimics for 48 h at 37°C. Cells were subsequently lysed using RIP Lysis Buffer (EMD Millipore) for 5 min at 4°C. After centrifugation 10,000 × g at 4°C for 5 min, cell lysates were conjugated to magnetic beads (2 µg; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) via rotation, using Ago2 and control IgG (cat. no. ab109761; 1:50; Abcam). The magnetic beads were treated with 0.5 mg/ml Proteinase K (EMD Millipore) to digest the protein and then immunoprecipitated RNA was isolated. The immunoprecipitated RNA was analyzed via RT-qPCR analysis.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 (IBM Corp.). All experiments were performed in triplicate and data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Both paired and unpaired Student's t-test were used to compare differences between two groups, while one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc test was used to compare differences between multiple groups. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

miR-124 expression is upregulated in ARC and miR-124 inhibitor inhibits SRA01/04 cell apoptosis

To investigate the role of miR-124 in ARC, RT-qPCR analysis was performed to detect miR-124 expression in ARC tissues. The results demonstrated that miR-124 expression was significantly increased in the anterior lens capsules of patients with ARC (Fig. 1A). To determine the effect of miR-124 on ARC, SRA01/04 cells were transfected with NC inhibitor and miR-124 inhibitor. As presented in Fig. 1B, miR-124 expression significantly decreased in SRA01/04 cells transfected with miR-124 inhibitor. The results of the CCK-8 assay demonstrated that miR-124 knockdown increased SRA01/04 cell viability (Fig. 1C). The results of the TUNEL assay indicated that SRA01/04 cell apoptosis significantly decreased following transfection with miR-124 inhibitor (Fig. 1D). Taken together, these results suggested that miR-124 promoted cell viability and repressed apoptosis of SRA01/04 cells.

Figure 1. miR-124 expression is increased in ARC tissues and miR-124 inhibitor inhibits SRA01/04 cells apoptosis. (A) RT-qPCR assay was performed to determine miR-124 expression in anterior lens capsules of ARC tissues compared with the normal tissues, n=28. (B) RT-qPCR assay was employed to measure miR-124 expression in SRA01/04 cells transfected with NC inhibitor or miR-124 inhibitor. (C) Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to evaluate cell viability in SRA01/04 cells transfected with miR-124 inhibitor or NC inhibitor. (D) TUNEL assay (magnification, ×200; scale bar, 50 µm) was performed to analyze cell apoptosis rate of SRA01/04 cells transfected with miR-124 inhibitor or NC inhibitor. *P<0.05 vs. control group. miR, microRNA; ARC, age-related cataract; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; NC, negative control.

SPRY2 is a target of miR-124

To verify the potential molecular mechanism of miR-124 in ARC progression, StarBase was used to predict the putative binding sequences of miR-124 and SPRY2 (Fig. 2A). This interaction was further validated via the dual-luciferase reporter and RIP assays. The dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that overexpression of miR-124 significantly decreased the relative luciferase activity of wt-SPRY2; however, no significant changes were observed in the relative luciferase activity of mut-SPRY2 (Fig. 2B). In addition, miR-124 knockdown increased the luciferase activity of wt-SPRY2; however, no significant changes were observed in the luciferase activity of mut-SPRY2 (Fig. 2C). The results of the RIP assay demonstrated that SRA01/04 cells transfected with miR-124 mimics enhanced the enrichment of SPRY2 in the Ago2 group (Fig. 2D). Notably, the addition of miR-124 elevated miR-124 expression in SRA01/04 cells (Fig. 2E). SPRY2 expression was decreased in SRA01/04 cells transfected with miR-124 mimics; however, SPRY2 expression increased in SRA01/04 cells transfected with miR-124 inhibitor (Fig. 2F). Collectively, these results confirmed that SPRY2 was a target of miR-124, and SPRY2 expression was negatively regulated by miR-124.

Figure 2. SPRY2 is a target of miR-124. (A) The binding sequence between miR-124 and SPRY2 was predicted using the StarBase website. (B) Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed the luciferase activity of SPRY2-wt or SPRY2-mut in SRA01/04 cells transfected with NC mimics or miR-124 mimics. (C) Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed the luciferase activity of SPRY2-wt or SPRY2-mut in SRA01/04 cells transfected with NC inhibitor or miR-124 inhibitor. (D) RIP assay showed the abundance of SPRY2 enriched by Ago2 or IgG in SRA01/04 cells transfected with NC mimics or miR-124 mimics. (E) RT-qPCR was performed to determine miR-124 expression in SRA01/04 cells transfected with miR-124 mimics or NC mimics. (F) RT-qPCR assay showed the expression of SPRY2 in SRA01/04 cells transfected with NC mimics, miR-124 mimics, NC inhibitor or miR-124 inhibitor. *P<0.05 vs. control group. miR, microRNA; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; NC, negative control; SPRY2, protein sprouty homolog 2; wt, wild-type; mut, mutant; RIP, RNA immunoprecipitation; Ago2, argonaute 2; IgG, immunoglobin G.

miR-124 facilitates SRA01/04 cell apoptosis by targeting SPRY2

RT-qPCR demonstrated that the expression of SPRY2 was decreased in ARC (Fig. 3A). To determine whether miR-124 exerts its function by regulating SPRY2, SRA01/04 cells were transfected with shSPRY2, shNC, pcDNA3.1, pcDNA3.1/SPRY2 and pcDNA3.1/SPRY2 + miR-124 mimics. Efficacy analysis demonstrated that SPRY2 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly decreased in SRA01/04 cells transfected with shSPRY2 (Fig. 3B). Silencing of SPRY2 suppressed SRA01/04 cell viability (Fig. 3C). Moreover, the TUNEL assay determined that knockdown of SPRY2 promoted ARC cell apoptosis (Fig. 3D). Furthermore, SPRY2 mRNA and protein expression levels were increased in SRA01/04 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1/SPRY2 compared with the pcDNA3.1 group (Fig. 3E). In addition, overexpression of SPRY2 increased SRA01/04 cell viability, whereas overexpression of miR-124 reversed its promoting effect on cell viability (Fig. 3F). The results of the TUNEL assay indicated that overexpression of SPRY2 decreased ARC cell apoptosis, the effects of which were reversed following overexpression of miR-124 (Fig. 3G). Taken together, these results suggested that miR-124 regulated SRA01/04 cell functions by targeting SPRY2.

Figure 3. miR-124 increases SRA01/04 cell apoptosis by targeting SPRY2. (A) RT-qPCR assay was employed to assess SPRY2 expression in ARC. (B) RT-qPCR and western blotting assays showed SPRY2 expression in SRA01/04 cells transfected with shSPRY2 or shNC. (C) CCK-8 assay showed the viability of SRA01/04 cells transfected with shSPRY2 or shNC. (D) TUNEL assay (magnification, ×200; scale bar, 50 µm) showed the apoptosis of SRA01/04 cells transfected with shSPRY2 or shNC. (E) RT-qPCR and western blotting assays showed SPRY2 expression in SRA01/04 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1/SPRY2 or pcDNA3.1. (F) CCK-8 assay showed the proliferation of SRA01/04 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1, pcDNA3.1/SPRY2, pcDNA3.1/SPRY2 + miR-124 mimics. (G) TUNEL assay (magnification, ×200; scale bar, 50 µm) showed the apoptosis of SRA01/04 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1, pcDNA3.1/SPRY2, pcDNA3.1/SPRY2 + miR-124 mimics. *P<0.05 vs. control group. miR, microRNA; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; NC, negative control; SPRY2, protein sprouty homolog 2; sh-, short hairpin RNA; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; ARC, age-related cataract.

MMP-2 is also targeted by miR-124

StarBase was used to predict the binding site between miR-124 and MMP-2 (Fig. 4A). The dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that the overexpression of miR-124 decreased the luciferase activity of wt-MMP-2 in SRA01/04 cells; however, no significant differences were observed in the luciferase activity of mut-MMP-2 (Fig. 4B and C). These effects were reversed following miR-124 knockdown. In addition, MMP-2 was enriched by Ago2 antibody in SRA01/04 cells transfected with miR-124 mimics (Fig. 4D). RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that overexpression of miR-124 decreased MMP-2 expression, while transfection with miR-124 inhibitor elevated MMP-2 expression in SRA01/04 cells (Fig. 4E). Collectively, these results suggested that miR-124 targeted MMP-2 in SRA01/04 cells.

Figure 4. MMP-2 is targeted by miR-124. (A) The binding sequence between MMP-2 and miR-124 was predicted using StarBase software. (B) Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed the luciferase activity of MMP-2-wt or MMP-2-mut in SRA01/04 cells transfected with NC mimics or miR-124 mimics. (C) Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed the luciferase activity of MMP-2-wt or MMP-2-mut in SRA01/04 cells transfected with NC inhibitor or miR-124 inhibitor. (D) RIP assay showed the enrichment of MMP-2 by Ago2 or IgG in SRA01/04 cells transfected with NC mimics or miR-124 mimics. (E) Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR assay revealed MMP-2 expression in SRA01/04 cells transfected with NC mimics or miR-124 mimics, NC inhibitor or miR-124 inhibitor. *P<0.05. miR, microRNA; MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2; wt, wild-type; mut, mutant; RIP, RNA immunoprecipitation; Ago2, argonaute 2; IgG, immunoglobin G; NC, negative control.

miR-124 depends on MMP-2 to regulate SRA01/04 cell apoptosis

To determine the function of MMP-2 in ARC development, RT-qPCR was performed to detect MMP-2 expression in ARC tissues. As presented in Fig. 5A, MMP-2 expression was downregulated in ARC tissues. To further determine whether MMP-2 is a vital effector in miR-124-mediated ARC progression, SRA01/04 cells were transfected with shMMP-2, shNC, pcDNA3.1, pcDNA3.1/MMP-2 and pcDNA3.1/MMP-2 + miR-124 mimics. Transfection of shMMP-2 significantly decreased MMP-2 expression in SRA01/04 cells, at both the mRNA and protein levels (Fig. 5B). Then, the CCK-8 assay showed that MMP-2 knockdown inhibited SRA01/04 cell viability (Fig. 5C). On the contrary, transfection with shMMP-2 promoted ARC cell apoptosis (Fig. 5D). Moreover, overexpression of MMP-2 significantly increased MMP-2 expression in SRA01/04 cells, at both the mRNA and protein levels (Fig. 5E). The results of the CCK-8 assay confirmed that miR-124 can abolish the promotion of MMP-2 overexpression-induced SRA01/04 cell viability (Fig. 5F). In addition, transfection with pcDNA3.1/MMP-2 attenuated ARC cell apoptosis, the effects of which were reversed following overexpression of miR-124 (Fig. 5G). Taken together, these results suggested that MMP-2 was involved in miR-124-mediated SRA01/04 cell apoptosis.

Figure 5. miR-124 depends on MMP-2 to regulate SRA01/04 cell apoptosis. (A) RT-qPCR was used to analyze MMP-2 expression in ARC tissues. (B) RT-qPCR and western blotting assays were performed to determine MMP-2 expression in SRA01/04 cells transfected with shMMP-2 or shNC. (C) CCK-8 assay showed the proliferation of SRA01/04 cells transfected with shMMP-2 or shNC. (D) TUNEL assay (magnification, ×200; scale bar, 50 µm) showed the cell apoptosis of SRA01/04 cells transfected with shMMP-2 or shNC. (E) RT-qPCR and western blotting assays were conducted to measure MMP-2 expression in SRA01/04 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1/MMP-2 or pcDNA3.1. (F) CCK-8 assay showed the proliferation of SRA01/04 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1, pcDNA3.1/MMP-2, pcDNA3.1/MMP-2 + miR-124 mimics. (G) TUNEL assay (magnification, ×200; scale bar, 50 µm) showed the apoptosis of SRA01/04 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1, pcDNA3.1/MMP-2, pcDNA3.1/MMP-2 + miR-124 mimics. *P<0.05 vs. control group. ARC, age-related cataract; miR, microRNA; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; NC, negative control; MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2; sh-, short hairpin RNA; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8.

Discussion

ARC is one of the most common disorders of the lens worldwide, which leads to reversible blindness (23,24). To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to investigate the role of miR-124 in lens epithelial cell apoptosis, and the results demonstrated the interactions between miR-124 and SPRY2 or MMP-2 in SRA01/04 cells. Taken together, these results provided a novel insight into the process of ARC formation.

Increasing evidence suggests that miR-124 participates in several cellular processes, such as proliferation, metastasis, autophagy and apoptosis (25–27). For example, nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 modulates the viability and apoptosis of retinoblastoma cells by targeting miR-124 (28). Furthermore, silencing of lncRNA XIST suppresses cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis in retinoblastoma via the miR-124/STAT3 axis (29). The results of the present study demonstrated that miR-124 was upregulated in ARC tissues. The effect of miR-124 on ARC cell viability and apoptosis was also assessed, and the results indicated that miR-124 inhibition promoted SRA01/04 cell viability, but suppressed cell apoptosis.

SPRY2 is a member of the Sprouty family, which exerts essential roles in cellular viability, differentiation and apoptosis (30,31). A recent study reported that miR-23b increases the viability, migration and EMT of lens epithelial cells by targeting SPRY2 (32). The results of the present study demonstrated that SPRY2 expression decreased in ARC, and SPRY2 was confirmed to be a downstream target of miR-124. The results of the CCK-8 and TUNEL assays indicated that SPRY2 facilitated SRA01/04 cell viability and inhibited cell apoptosis, the effects of which were reversed following transfection with miR-124 mimics. Taken together, these results suggested that miR-124 induced apoptosis of SRA01/04 cells by targeting SPRY2.

MMP-2, a member of the MMP family, has been reported to participate in cell processes, including cell proliferation and metastasis (33,34). The results of the present study demonstrated that MMP-2 was downregulated in ARC tissues, and miR-124 inhibited MMP-2 expression by direct interaction. In addition, rescue experiments demonstrated that overexpression of MMP-2 promoted SRA01/04 cell viability, which was attenuated following overexpression of miR-124. Conversely, overexpression of miR-124 reversed the inhibitory effect of overexpressed MMP-2 on SRA01/04 cell apoptosis.

In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that miR-124 expression was elevated in the lens capsule of ARC tissues, and miR-124 regulated SRA01/04 cell viability and apoptosis by targeting SPRY2 and MMP-2. Collectively, these results provided a novel potential therapeutic target for ARC. However, the present study primarily focused on in vitro experiments and the number of clinical samples used was limited. Further in vivo experiments should be performed using an increased number of clinical samples.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

The present study was supported by the Youth Project of Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation (grant no. BK20190162), the Applied Basic Research Plan of Changzhou (grant no. CJ20190090), the Applied Basic Research Plan of Changzhou (grant no. CJ20180067) and Young Talent Development Plan of Changzhou Health Commission (2020–233) (grant no. CZQM20200027).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

YaoL and XL conceived and designed the study. YanL, SL and QZ performed the experiments. YaoL and YanL analyzed the data and drafted the manuscript. SL and XL revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First People's Hospital of Changzhou (Changzhou, China) and all patients provided written informed consent prior to the study.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References