Open Access

Cartilage tissue engineering: From proinflammatory and anti‑inflammatory cytokines to osteoarthritis treatments (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Shuyu Liu
    • Zhenhan Deng
    • Kang Chen
    • Shengsheng Jian
    • Feifei Zhou
    • Yuan Yang
    • Zicai Fu
    • Huanyu Xie
    • Jianyi Xiong
    • Weimin Zhu
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: January 24, 2022     https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2022.12615
  • Article Number: 99
  • Copyright: © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA), one of the most common joint diseases, is characterized by fibrosis, rhagadia, ulcers and attrition of articular cartilage due to a number of factors. The etiology of OA remains unclear, but its occurrence has been associated with age, obesity, inflammation, trauma and genetic factors. Inflammatory cytokines are crucial for the occurrence and progression of OA. The intra‑articular proinflammatory and anti‑inflammatory cytokines jointly maintain a dynamic balance, in accordance with the physiological metabolism of articular cartilage. However, dynamic imbalance between proinflammatory and anti‑inflammatory cytokines can cause abnormal metabolism in knee articular cartilage, which leads to deformation, loss and abnormal regeneration, and ultimately destroys the normal structure of the knee joint. The ability of articular cartilage to self‑repair once damaged is limited, due to its inability to obtain nutrients from blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels, as well as limitations in the extracellular matrix. There are several disadvantages inherent to conventional repair methods, while cartilage tissue engineering (CTE), which combines proinflammatory and anti‑­inflammatory cytokines, offers a new therapeutic approach for OA. The aim of the present review was to examine the proinflammatory factors implicated in OA, including IL‑1β, TNF‑α, IL‑6, IL‑15, IL‑17 and IL‑18, as well as the key anti‑inflammatory factors reducing OA‑related articular damage, including IL‑4, insulin‑like growth factor and TGF‑β. The predominance of proinflammatory over anti‑inflammatory cytokine effects ultimately leads to the development of OA. CTE, which employs mesenchymal stem cells and scaffolding technology, may prevent OA by maintaining the homeostasis of pro‑ and anti‑inflammatory factors.
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March-2022
Volume 25 Issue 3

Print ISSN: 1791-2997
Online ISSN:1791-3004

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Spandidos Publications style
Liu S, Deng Z, Chen K, Jian S, Zhou F, Yang Y, Fu Z, Xie H, Xiong J, Zhu W, Zhu W, et al: Cartilage tissue engineering: From proinflammatory and anti‑inflammatory cytokines to osteoarthritis treatments (Review). Mol Med Rep 25: 99, 2022.
APA
Liu, S., Deng, Z., Chen, K., Jian, S., Zhou, F., Yang, Y. ... Zhu, W. (2022). Cartilage tissue engineering: From proinflammatory and anti‑inflammatory cytokines to osteoarthritis treatments (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 25, 99. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2022.12615
MLA
Liu, S., Deng, Z., Chen, K., Jian, S., Zhou, F., Yang, Y., Fu, Z., Xie, H., Xiong, J., Zhu, W."Cartilage tissue engineering: From proinflammatory and anti‑inflammatory cytokines to osteoarthritis treatments (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 25.3 (2022): 99.
Chicago
Liu, S., Deng, Z., Chen, K., Jian, S., Zhou, F., Yang, Y., Fu, Z., Xie, H., Xiong, J., Zhu, W."Cartilage tissue engineering: From proinflammatory and anti‑inflammatory cytokines to osteoarthritis treatments (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 25, no. 3 (2022): 99. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2022.12615