Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on neurobiological changes in Alzheimer's disease (Review)

Bashir,Shahid; Uzair,Mohammad; Abualait,Turki; Arshad,Muhammad; Khallaf,Roaa A.; Niaz,Asim; Thani,Ziyad; Yoo,Woo-Kyoung; Túnez,Isaac; Demirtas‑Tatlidede,Asli; Meo,Sultan Ayoub

doi:10.3892/mmr.2022.12625

Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on neurobiological changes in Alzheimer's disease (Review)

Authors:
- Shahid Bashir
- Mohammad Uzair
- Turki Abualait
- Muhammad Arshad
- Roaa A. Khallaf
- Asim Niaz
- Ziyad Thani
- Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Isaac Túnez
- Asli Demirtas‑Tatlidede
- Sultan Ayoub Meo
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Affiliations: Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Eastern Province 32253, Saudi Arabia, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province 34212, Saudi Arabia, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Gyeonggi‑do 24252, Republic of Korea, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing/ Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14071, Spain, Department of Neurology, Bahcesehir University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34734, Turkey, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Published online on: February 1, 2022 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2022.12625
Article Number: 109
Copyright: © Bashir et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and brain neuronal loss. A pioneering field of research in AD is brain stimulation via electromagnetic fields (EMFs), which may produce clinical benefits. Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), have been developed to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. The purpose of the present review is to identify neurobiological changes, including inflammatory, neurodegenerative, apoptotic, neuroprotective and genetic changes, which are associated with repetitive TMS (rTMS) treatment in patients with AD. Furthermore, it aims to evaluate the effect of TMS treatment in patients with AD and to identify the associated mechanisms. The present review highlights the changes in inflammatory and apoptotic mechanisms, mitochondrial enzymatic activities, and modulation of gene expression (microRNA expression profiles) associated with rTMS or sham procedures. At the molecular level, it has been suggested that EMFs generated by TMS may affect the cell redox status and amyloidogenic processes. TMS may also modulate gene expression by acting on both transcriptional and post‑transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. TMS may increase brain cortical excitability, induce specific potentiation phenomena, and promote synaptic plasticity and recovery of impaired functions; thus, it may re‑establish cognitive performance in patients with AD.

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