This article is mentioned in:

Introduction

Significant improvements have been made in the chemotherapy of unresectable or recurrent colorectal carcinomas. These improvements are due to the development of combination chemotherapies, including fluorouracil, irinotecan or oxaliplatin, in combination with molecular-targeting agents, including bevacizumab and cetuximab. The use of a totally implantable venous access device (TIVAD) is recommended for administration of these chemotherapeutic agents.

TIVADs are generally placed in position by the percutaneous subclavian vein approach. This approach causes infrequent intraoperative or postoperative complications, including pneumothorax, arterial puncture, hemothorax, injury to brachial plexus (1–5) and pinch-off syndrome (6).

Venous access via the cephalic vein cut-down (CVCD) method has been widely described as a safe and rapid approach (7–10). However, this technique is not currently widely used for the placement of TIVADs. Since the cephalic vein shows few anatomical anomalies (11), this approach is suitable for the placement of TIVADs.

This study examined the outcome of the venous access via the CVCD method for the placement of TIVADs.

Materials and methods

A total of 79 consecutive patients with unresectable or recurrent colorectal carcinomas underwent TIVAD placement surgeries between June 2007 and October 2008.

The patients were brought to the operating room and placed in a supine position. The operation was performed using local anesthesia (0.5% of xylocaine; AstraZeneca, UK). Patients who felt uneasy during the operation were administered an intravenous injection of 15 mg of pentazocine (Astellas, Japan). Surgery was performed under maximal barrier precaution. The TIVAD placements were performed by two surgeons. Each stage of the surgical procedure of this study was supervised by one of the two surgeons.

The cephalic vein passes through the clavipectoral (deltopectoral) triangle to join the axillary vein. A 3-cm wide skin incision was made in the infraclavicular region between the pectoralis major muscle and the triangular muscle (Fig. 1). The cephalic vein was identified in the adipose tissue along the deltopectoral groove. An incision of 3 mm in length was made on the surface of the vein. A Groshong catheter was inserted via the cephalic vein and connected to the port (BardPort X-port isp; Bard Access Systems Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA). The port was implanted in the subcutaneous space. The position of the catheter tip and the shape of the catheter lumen were confirmed by X-ray.

Figure 1 A skin incision site in the infraclavicular region.

If the TIVAD placement by the CVCD approach was unsuccessful, the procedure was converted to the conventional percutaneous puncture approach of the subclavian vein. The operation time, and any intraoperative and post-operative complications were recorded.

Results

A total of 79 TIVAD placements were performed for 79 consecutive patients. TIVAD placement via the CVCD approach was completed in 74 patients (93.7%). The CVCD approach was not successful in the remaining 5 patients (6.3%). Subsequently, the 5 patients required conversion to a percutaneous puncture approach. The mean operation time was 34.7 min (median 30, range 17–103 min). The cephalic vein was not detected in 2 cases, and in 1 case the cephalic vein was too narrow to insert the catheter. In 2 cases where the cephalic vein merged to the axillary vein, the tip of the catheter was not able to reach the superior vena cava. When the cephalic vein merged to the axillary vein vertically, the catheter tip reached only as far as the distal side of the axillary vein. In such cases, we attempted to change the merging angle of the cephalic and axillary veins to a more acute angle by leaning the head of the patient to the opposite side or moving the arm and shoulder. Manipulation of the angle normally allows the tip of the catheter to reach the superior vena cava when the merging point was vertical. However, in the 2 cases noted above, this manipulation was not successful.

No intraoperative or immediate postoperative complications were observed. A chest radiograph was obtained following the surgery to detect the position of the catheter tip and the distortion of the catheter lumen (Fig. 2). A distortion in the catheter may indicate pinch-off syndrome. In this study, no catheter distortion was detected.

Figure 2 Chest X-ray following placement of a totally implantable venous access device.

Discussion

TIVADs are normally placed using the percutaneous subclavian vein approach. The percutaneous approach has occasionally caused intraoperative and postoperative complications, such as pneumothorax, arterial puncture, hemothorax or injury to the brachial plexus (1–5). The intraoperative complication rate of the percutaneous approach was reported to be 3–7% (1–5). The technique used for TIVAD implantation is now considered to be safer due to the use of image-guided navigation techniques, such as venous ultrasonography or venography. However, the risk of complications remains when the percutaneous puncture approach is used.

CVCD does not require risking a puncture and is associated with a very low rate of complications. A number of studies have compared the cut-down and percutaneous approaches and reported the superiority and safety of the cut-down approach compared to the conventional percutaneous method (9,10).

Pinch-off syndrome has been reported as a complication of TIVAD (12,13). This syndrome is thought to be caused by the compression of the catheter by the clavicle and the first rib (12,13). Catheter compression may lead to obstruction followed by fracture of the catheter. Of note is that the pinch-off syndrome was not observed in a number of studies using the cut-down technique (9,10,12).

Moreover, in the cardiovascular field, pinch-off syndrome is known as subclavian crush syndrome, which has been reported to occur with pacemaker leads implanted via the subclavian puncture technique. In these cases, conductor fracture and insulation breaches develop via compression of a lead that passes between the first rib and the clavicle. In this study, it was suggested that strong consideration should be given to obtain venous access primarily via the cephalic cut-down technique, due to the possibility of complications of subclavian crush syndrome with the percutaneous puncture approach.

The CVCD approach requires a surgical technique. Given the increase in the number of colorectal carcinoma patients worldwide, this technique may be of practical value. In this study, TIVAD placements were performed by the CVCD method and the outcome was evaluated.

The cephalic vein passes through the clavipectoral (deltopectoral) triangle to merge with the axillary vein. Since the cephalic vein shows few anatomical anomalies (11), it is suitable for cut-down and the placement of TIVAD.

TIVAD placement by CVCD was performed in 79 patients and completed in 74 patients. The remaining 5 patients required conversion to a percutaneous approach. The reasons for the conversion were due to abnormalities of the cephalic vein, including failure to detect the cephalic vein, a narrow cephalic vein and abnormal merging of the cephalic and axillary veins. In this study, the failure rate was found to be 6%, which is lower than that in previous studies where a range of 8–30% was reported (7,9,10).

Currently, the depth of the deltopectoral groove, location of cephalic vein and the margins of the axillary vein are routinely checked by ultrasonography prior to surgery. This increases the success rate of completing a CVCD method. We are therefore developing safer, more rapid and more practical placement methods for TIVADs.

In conclusion, this study showed that the CVCD technique is a safe and feasible approach for TIVAD placement. Additionally, this technique is associated with a lower rate of severe complications, reported to be up to 10%, compared to the percutaneous method (9,10).

References