MicroRNA-495 (miR-495) is a small non-coding RNA encoded by a gene located on chromosome 14 (14q32.31). Its expression is regulated by the transcription factors EF12 and EF47, in addition to promoter methylation status and the fusion oncoprotein mixed-lineage leukemia‑AF9. Previous studies suggest that miR‑495 is involved in various developmental, immunological and inflammatory processes in healthy tissue, and in the proliferation, invasion, metastasis and drug resistance of cancer cells. The role miR‑495 serves in tumors is controversial. miR‑495 primarily functions as a tumor suppressor; however, in a number of cases it acts as an oncogene. miR‑495 has potential applications as a diagnostic and prognostic marker, and as a therapeutic target for genetic and pharmacological manipulation in the treatment of various diseases.

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