Fatty acid synthase affects expression of ErbB receptors in epithelial to mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells and invasive ductal carcinoma
- Authors:
- Published online on: September 15, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6954
- Pages: 5934-5946
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Copyright: © Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) refers to the process by which differentiated epithelial cells transform into mesenchymal cells by undergoing various biochemical changes (1). In tumors, EMT involves a number of processes, including invasion, metastasis, drug resistance and development of anti-apoptotic features, which are the primary causes of breast cancer-associated mortality.Successful inhibition of these processes is expected to significantly improve breast cancer prognosis (2). Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of long-chain saturated fatty acids (3). Previous studies demonstrated that whenbreast cancer cells underwent EMT, FASN expressionincreased (4), and EMT was reversed when FASN was silenced with FASN short hairpin. (5). Osthole, an FASN inhibitor, was able to eliminate phenotypes associated with EMT induced by hepatocyte growth factor, including migration, invasion and metastasis in breast cancer cells (6). Therefore, FASN may serve an important role in EMT, but the mechanism is unclear.
Vazquez-Martin et al (7) determined that overexpression of FASN and the synthesis and aggregation of endogenous fatty acid induced the transformation of epithelial cells to a tumor phenotype. This change was dependent on ErbB1/ErbB2, which indicated an association between ErbBs and FASN during EMT of tumor cells. The ErbB family, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; ErbB1, HER1), ErbB2 (Neu, HER2), ErbB3 (HER3) and ErbB4 (HER4) (8), has been shown to induce morphological changes, survival, invasion and EMT in cells (9). ErbBs that are anchored in membrane lipid rafts dimerize and become activated, thereby initiating relevant downstream signaling pathways that induce EMT characteristics in tumors (10). Destruction of lipid rafts and reduced activity of the downstream signaling molecules protein kinase B (Akt), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and the FASN protein by docosahexaenoic acid, resulted in inhibition of the ErbB2 signaling pathway and apoptosis of transformed human mammary epithelial cells (11). FASN and its end product palmitate are important components of lipid synthesis (12). Therefore, it was hypothesized that FASN regulates the expression of ErbBs by affecting the structure of membrane lipid rafts, and consequently affects downstream signal pathways and the EMT phenotype. Due to the complex structure or ErbBs, and functions in cancer, several studies have focused on ErbB1 and ErbB2 in recent years and the development of targeted inhibitors as a means of effective cancer treatment (13–15). However, tumors have acquired resistance to those targeted therapeutics (16). Whether ErbB3 or ErbB4 have any significant function in cancer is debated (17–20), and their association with the other ErbBs, FASN and clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer is currently unclear. The present study investigated these associations using MCF-7-MEK5 and its tumor tissues, which exhibited the EMT phenotype. In the present study, the non-EMT isogenic MCF-7 cell line and its tumor tissues served as controls. Cerulenin, a specific inhibitor of FASN (21), was used to assess the role of FASN. Western blot analysis was performed to detect changes in the expression of FASN and ErbBs. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of FASN and ErbBs in 58 invasive ductal carcinoma samples and the association of FASN expression withclinicopathological characteristics was investigated.
Materials and methods
Ethical approval
The University of Sichuan Medical Institutional Review Board approved the present study (approval no. K2015027). Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants prior to participation. The study was performed according to the principles in the Declaration of Helsinki. All animal experiments were performed in strict accordance with the recommendations in the guide for the care and use of laboratory animals by the authority of the People's Republic of China and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committeeat Sichuan University (Sichuan, China).
Patients
A total of 58 breast IDCs were collected from patients subsequent to obtaining informed consent, at the Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University (Sichuan, China) between May 2010 and Feb 2013. The mean age of 58 patients was 50.4±11.3 years, and none of them had undergone chemotherapy or radiotherapy prior to collection. All specimens were fixed with 40 g/l formaldehyde at 4°C for 24 h, embedded with paraffin and sectioned into serial slices (thickness, 4 µm).
Cell culture
Human breast cancer MCF-7 cells were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China), and MCF-7-MEK5 (22) cells were obtained from the Department of Immunology Laboratory, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine of Sichuan University (Sichuan, China). The cells were cultured in high glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium complete medium (catalog no. SH30022.01B), containing 100 ml/l fetal bovine serum (catalog no. SV30087.01) and 10 ml/l penicillin and streptomycin (catalog no. SV30010) (all from HyClone; GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) at 37°C under 50 ml/l CO2 saturated humidity.
Establishment of the breast cancer orthotopic injection model
A total of 18 specific pathogen-free BALB/c nude mice (5 weeks old; female; weighing 18–20 g) were provided by the Experimental Animal Center at the West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University (Sichuan, China). All mice were housed singly with environmental conditions maintained at 21±1°C with a relative humidity of 50±10% and 15 air charges/h under a 12-h light cycle (12 h of light followed by 12 h of dark). Sawdust and wood shavings were used as bedding. The mice were randomly divided into two groups with 9 mice in each group. Each group was randomly divided into an experimental subgroup (6 mice) and a control group (3 mice). Mice were allowed free access to food and water, and had a 12 h light/dark cycle. With an implanted 17 β-estradiol (E2) pellet (0.36 mg/mouse; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), digested MCF-7 and MCF-7-MEK5 cells were diluted to 1×107/ml with Hank's balanced salt solution (14025092; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), and orthotopically injected under the mammary fat pads of mice (0.1 ml/mouse). The mice were raised in fan-filtered units. When the tumor grew to 100 mm3, the E2 pellets were removed and 160 mg/d/kg cerulenin (BML-G237-0025; Biomol GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) was administered by intraperitoneal injection to mice in the experimental group for 10 consecutive days. All mice were carefully observed throughout the experimental period and should signs consistent with severe suffering have been detected, those mice would have been sacrificed immediately. At 5 days following the last injection, the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and their tumor tissues were extracted.
Immunohistochemistry
Breast cancer tissues were fixed with 40 g/l formaldehyde at 4°C for 24 h, embedded in paraffinand sectioned into serial slices (thickness, 4 µm). Immunohistochemistry was performed using the SPlink Detection kit (catalog no. SP9000; ZSGB-BIO; OriGene Technologies, Inc., Beijing, China), according to themanufacturer's instructions. For negative control, PBS solution replaced primary antibodies. The following primary antibodies were used: Mouse anti-human FASN (1:300; catalog no. sc-55580; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA) and rabbit anti-human ErbB-1 (1:200; catalog no. B8501; ImmunoWay Biotechnology Company, Plano, TX, USA), ErbB-2 (1:200; catalog no. 29D8; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. Danvers, MA, USA), ErbB-3 (1:200; catalog no. A0436; ABclonal Biotech Co., Ltd. Cambridge, MA, USA) and ErbB-4 (1:200; catalog no. A0749; ABclonal Biotech Co., Ltd.) monoclonal antibodies. The paraffin sections were deparaffinizedin water. For antigen retrieval, the sections were heated at 95–98°C for 10 min. The sections were subsequently treated with 5 ml/l hydrogen peroxide, and goat serum (SPlink Detection kit; ZSGB-BIO; Ori-Gene Technologies, Inc.) was added to each section to block endogenous peroxidase activity. The paraffin-embedded blocks were incubated at 37°C for 30 min. The sections were then incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies: Mouse anti-human FASN (1:300; cat. no. sc-55580; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) and rabbit anti-human ErbB-1 (1:200; cat. no. B8501; ImmunoWay Biotechnology Company, Plano, TX, USA), ErbB-2 (1:200; cat. no. 29D8; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.), ErbB-3 (1:200; cat. no. A0436; ABclonal Biotech Co., Ltd. Cambridge, MA, USA) and ErbB-4 (1:200; cat. no. A0749; ABclonal Biotech Co., Ltd.) monoclonal antibodies, followed by incubation with the secondary and tertiary antibodies (SPlink Detection kit; ZSGB-BIO; Ori-Gene Technologies, Inc.), at 37°C for 30 min. 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (Inspissation DAB kit; catalog no. ZLI-9032; ZSGB-BIO; Ori-Gene Technologies, Inc.) was used to stain the tissue sections at room temperaturefor between 3 and 5 min. The sections were subsequently stained with 2 g/l hematoxylin at room temperature for 4 min, differentiated with hydrochloric acid in alcohol for 5 sec, flushed with tap water for 40 min, followed by dehydration, clearing and mounting.
Analysis of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining results
A total of five random fields of view were assessed under ×400 magnification (Nikon ECLIPSE Ti-U, light microscope; Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The intensity of staining and the percentage of positive cells were then recorded. Total points were determined by adding the value for staining intensity and the percentage of positive cells for each field of view. The sections were divided according to staining intensity into negative, light brown, brown and sepia, and scored as 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In terms of the percentage of positive cells, the sections were categorized as negative, <10%, 11–50%, 51–80% and >80%, and scored as 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Sections with total points <4 were considered negative (−), 4 points as weak-positive (+), 5 points as moderately-positive (++) and ≥6 points as strongly-positive (+++).
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
Total RNA was extracted from cells/tissues using Tripure (cat. no. 1667165001; Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland), and reverse transcription to cDNA was performed using the RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (cat. no. K1621; Fermentas; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's protocol. Primer sequences (Table I) were designed using the online software Primer3 (version 0.4.0; Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA). Primer sequence specificity was verified using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi), and the primers were synthesized by Shanghai Bioengineering Co. (Shanghai, China). RT-PCR was performed according to the manufacturer's protocol (cat. no. k0221; Fermentas; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The thermocycling conditions were as follows: 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec, 60°C for 30 sec and 72°C for 30 sec. The primer annealing temperature was 60°C for all RT-PCR procedures performed. Data were analyzed according to the 2−ΔΔCq method (23), and all experiments were repeated three times.
Western blot analysis
Proteins extracted from MCF-7 and MCF-7-MEK5 cellsusing an radioimmunoprecipitation assaylysis buffer (cat. no. P0013B; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) were quantified and then denatured at 100°C for 5 min. SDS-PAGE (8% gel) was performed, with 30 µg protein loaded into each well of the gel. The proteins were then transferred to a 0.2 µm polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (cat. no. 162-0177; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA), using a semi-dry electrophoresis apparatus for 90 min (FASN) or 40 min (ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4 antibodies) and then blocked with 50 ml/l low-fat milk solution at room temperaturefor 1 h. The membrane was then rinsed with 1X TBS with Tween-20 (TBST) and incubated with primary antibodies against ErbB1 (dilution, 1:200; cat. no. B8501; ImmunoWay Biotechnology), ErbB2 (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. 29D8; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.), ErbB3 (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. A0436; ABclonal Biotech Co., Ltd., Woburn, MA, USA) and ErbB4 (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. A0749; ABclonal Biotech Co., Ltd.) or FASN (dilution, 1:1,000; cat. no. sc-5558; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) overnight at 4°C, or primary antibody against β-actin (dilution, 1:1,000; cat. no. ab8227; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) at room temperature for 2 h. Membranes were rinsed again with 1X TBST. Horseradish peroxidase-labeled secondary antibodies (1:3,000; anti-mouse; cat. no. 170-6516; 1:3,000; anti-rabbit; cat. no. 170-6515; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) were added to the membrane and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. Pierce™ ECL Western Blotting Substrate kit (cat. no. 32209; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to detect target bands, which was performed according to the manufacturer's protocol.
Statistical analysis
The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. RT-PCR data were analyzed by using GraphPad Prism version 5.0 for Windows (GraphPad Software, Inc. La Jolla, CA, USA). A Student's t-test was used to detect the differences between groups. Immunohistochemical staining data were analyzed using SPSS 13.0 statistical software (SPSS, Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). The nonparametric rank sum test was used to detectinter-block differences in pathological characteristics and a Spearmen correlation analysis was applied to the correlation analysis of positive expression between FASN and ErbB1-4. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
mRNA and protein expression of ErbBs in MCF-7 and MCF-7-MEK5 cell lines and tumor tissues
RT-PCR and western blot analyses were used to assess the differential expression of FASN and ErbBs in MCF-7 and MCF-7-MEK5 cell lines and tumor tissues. The FASN inhibitor, cerulenin (with 20 µg/ml for 24 h), was added to cells in order to determine the effect of FASN inhibition on the expression of ErbBs. Compared with MCF-7 control cells, the levels of ErbB2-4 and FASN mRNA expression were significantly upregulated in MCF-7-MEK5 cells. Compared with MCF-7 cells, the expression of ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 and FASN was 0.92±0.04, 3.54±0.06, 28.1±1.20, 178±10.6 and 3.45±0.11-fold greater in MCF-7-MEK5 cells, respectively (Fig. 1A). FASN inhibition by cerulenin treatment resulted in a significant decreased expression of ErbB1, ErbB2 and ErbB4 in MCF-7-MEK5 cells. Compared with MCF-7 cells, the expression of ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4 decreased by 0.27±0.02, 0.44±0.00, 1.06±0.01 and 0.13±0.01-fold in MCF-7-MEK5 cells, respectively. The expression of ErbBs and FASN mRNA was also upregulated in MCF-7-MEK5 tumor tissues compared with MCF-7 cells. Compared with MCF-7 tumor tissues, the expression of ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 and FASN was 3.37±0.19, 2.19±0.03, 5.57±0.24, 15.6±1.8 and 2.25±0.07-fold greater, in MCF-7-MEK5 cells, respectively. Analysis of tumors from cerulenin-treated mice revealed that the mRNA expression of ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4 decreased by 0.75±0.01, 0.57±0.02, 1.09±0.01 and 0.013±0.001-fold, respectively, compared with untreated control mice (Fig. 1B).
At the protein level, the expression of ErbB1 was similar in MCF-7 and MCF-7-MEK5 cells. However, ErbB1 expression was markedly upregulated in MCF-7-MEK5 tumor tissues when compared with that of MCF-7 tumor tissues (Fig. 1C). ErbB1 expression was markedly downregulated in cerulenin-treated MCF-7-MEK5 cells and tumor tissues compared with MCF-7 cells. ErbB2 protein expression was higher in MCF-7-MEK5 cells and tumor tissues compared with the expression in MCF-7 cells. Expression of ErbB2 protein was markedly decreased in MCF-7-MEK5 cells and tissues with cerulenin treatment.
No ErbB3 protein expression was observed in MCF-7 cells and tumor tissues, and there was very low expression in MCF-7-MEK5 cells and tumor tissues. No significant change in ErbB3 was observed in cerulenin-treated MCF-7-MEK5 cells and tissues.
A very low ErbB4 expression was also observed in MCF-7 cells, and it was not detected in the tumor tissues. However, ErbB4 was highly expressed in MCF-7-MEK5 cells and tumor tissues, and cerulenin treatment markedly decreased its expression in this cell line.
Taken together, the present results suggestedan association between the expression of ErbBs 1, 2 and 4, and FASN. Furthermore, ErbBs were markedly increased in MCF-7-MEK5 cells and tumor tissues that demonstrate EMT characteristics, and their expression was notably decreased with FASN inhibition.
Expression of FASN and ErbBs in breast IDCs and their association with clinicopathologicalparameters
FASN was localized in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of acinar and ductal epithelial cells of IDC, and its expression was positively associated with lymphatic metastasis and tumor size (Fig. 2A). The positive expression rate of FASN, as assessed by IHC, was 77.5% in all 58 IDCs evaluated, and was higher in lymphatic metastases compared with non-lymphatic metastases (P<0.05). In the case of tumor size, the rate of FASN positive expression in larger tumors (diameter >2 cm) was significantly higher compared with smaller tumors (diameter ≤2 cm; P<0.05). Parameters, including age, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) status and clinical stage were also associated with FASN expression, as differential expression was observed in these respective groups. However, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05; Table II).
ErbB1 expression was positively associated with lymphatic metastasis in IDC, and was localized in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of acinar and ductal epithelial cells of IDC (Fig. 2B). Immunohistochemistry analysis determined that the rate of positive ErbB1 expression was 72.4% in all 58 IDCs evaluated, and was higher in lymphatic metastases compared with non-lymphatic metastases (78.8 vs. 64%; P<0.01). Similarly, while an association between ErbB1 expression and age, ER and PR status and clinical stage was observed, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05; Table III).
ErbB2 expression was positively associated with lymphatic metastasis, clinical stage and tumor size in IDC, and was localized in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of acinar and ductal epithelial cells of IDC (Fig. 2C). The rate of positive ErbB2 expression, as determined by IHC, was 65.5% in all 58 IDCs evaluated, and was higher in lymphatic metastases compared with non-lymphatic metastases (78.8 vs. 48%; P<0.01). The rate of positive ErbB2 expression in advanced clinical stages (stages II, III and IV; 65.1%) was significantly increased compared with early stages (stages 0-I, 40%; P<0.05). The rate of ErbB2 positive expression in larger tumors (diameter >2 cm; 100%) was considerably higher compared with smaller tumors (diameter ≤2 cm; 83.3%; P<0.05). Differential expression of ErbB2 in relation to patient age and ER and PR status was observed. However, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05; Table IV).
ErbB3 expression was positively associated with lymphatic metastasis and ER status in IDC, and was localized in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of acinar and ductal epithelial cells of IDC (Fig. 2D). The rate of positive ErbB3 expression was 79.3% in all 58 IDCs evaluated, but was higher in lymphatic metastases compared with non-lymphatic metastases (81.8 vs. 76%; P=0.01), and increased in ER-positive compared with ER-negative IDCs (75 vs. 39.9%; P<0.05). Differential expression of ErbB3 in relation to patient age, tumor size, PR status and clinical stage was observed. However, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05; Table V).
ErbB4 expression was positively associated with lymphatic metastasis in IDC, and was localized in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of acinar and ductal epithelial cells of IDC (Fig. 2E). Immunohistochemistry analysis determined that the rate of positive ErbB4 expression was 60.3% in all 58 IDCs evaluated and was higher () in lymphatic metastases compared with non-lymphatic metastases (69.7 vs. 48.0%; P<0.01). Differential expression of ErbB4 in relation to patient age, tumor size, ER and PR status and clinical stage was observed. However, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05; Table VI).
Relevance of effect of FASN expression on ErbB1, ErbB2 and ErbB4 expression
Spearman's correlation analysis demonstrated that the correlation between FASN expression and ErbB1, ErbB2 and ErbB4 was statistically significant (FASN and ErbB1, P<0.01; FASN and ErbB2, P<0.05; FASN and ErbB4, P<0.05). In addition, the association between the expression of all ErbBs (ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4) was also statistically significant (P<0.01; Table VII).
 | Table VII.P-values of correlation analysis of positive expression between FASN and ErbB1-4 in invasive ductal carcinoma. |
Discussion
The present paper had three major findings from studies using breast cancer cells MCF7 and MCF-7-MEK5 cells (with EMT phenotype) in vivo and in vitro. First, it was observed that compared with MCF7 cells, mesenchymal and invasive MCF-7-MEK5 cells highly expressed FASN and ErbB1-4. In addition, ErbB1-4 expression was directly associated with FASN expression, which indicated that FASN and ErbBs may act as oncogenes, essential in promoting EMT of breast cancer cells. Secondly, it was revealed that that the expression of FASN and ErbB1-4 in IDC was associated with lymphatic metastasis. Thirdly, it was demonstrated that ErbB1, ErbB2 and ErbB4 expression wasassociated with FASN expression during EMT in MCF-7-MEK5 breast cancer cells and in breast cancer tissues. These results confirmed the hypothesis that FASN affects the EMT phenotypes of breast cancer cells and such malignant processes as invasion and metastasis through regulating the expression of ErbB1, 2 and 4, while ErbB3 was not subjected to the regulation of FASN.
Previous studies have demonstrated that overexpression or mutation of ErbBs is associated with various types of malignant tumors (24), including breast (25), head and neck (26), pancreatic (27), spongioblastoma (28), lung (29) and gastriccancer (30) and carcinoma of the rectum (31). ErbB1 and ErbB2 in breast cancer are generally considered oncogenes and are essential for cancer cell EMT, proliferation, migration, survival and metastasis (32). ErbB1 and ErbB2 inhibitors are able to prevent EMT of cancer cells and reduce their migration and invasion (33). However, there remains great debate in the field concerning the functionality of ErbB3 and ErbB4 in tumors (17–20). Previous studies have suggested that ErbB3 functions as an oncogene (34,35). ErbB3 and its ligand, heregulin-β1, were able to promote the migration and invasion of cancer cells via activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, and induced EMT of breast cancer cells (36). Small interfering RNA-mediated inhibition of ErbB3 eliminated EMT, migration and invasion of colon cancer cells, and induced apoptosis (37). Other studies have argued that ErbB3 functions as a tumor suppressor (18,19,38–41). Decreased expression of ErbB3 was associated with a malignant change in phenotypeinvolving EMT, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells and chemoresistance (38–41). The sensitivity of breast and pancreatic cancer cells to the anti-carcinogen elisideps in was increased with ErbB3 overexpression. In addition, drug tolerance was observed with decreased ErbB3 expression (40). ErbB3 expression was relatively low in KB and Hep-2 cells (oral and laryngeal epidermoid cancer cells, respectively) that exhibit EMT characteristics. These cells were resistant to gefitinib. However, treatment with the antineoplastic drug vorinostat was able to reverse EMT induced by upregulatedErbB3 and E-cadherin (41).
The role of ErbB4 in cancer is also controversial (18), and a number of studies have shown that ErbB4 exhibit oncogenic activity (42,43). ErbB4 overexpression or mutation induced tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling pathways (44), and its overexpression was shown to serve a role in breast cancer oncogenesis (45). Cluster of differentiation 146-mediated modification of ErbB3 and ErbB4 expression on the surface of breast cancer cells resulted in activated signaling, increased EMT and increased drug resistance of cells (46). Other studies demonstrated that ErbB4 acts as a tumor suppressor (47,48), is deficient in invasive malignant tumors, including prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer and laryngocarcinoma, and is associated with an improved prognosis in neck, ovarian and breast cancers (49). In breast cancer, high ErbB4 expression promoted the sensitivity of tumor cells to hormone therapy (50). A previous study has identified that microRNA-193a-3p/5p-mediated downregulation of ErbB4 resulted in suppression of EMT, migration and invasion of human non-small-cell lung cancer, by activation of the ErbB4/PIK3 regulatory subunit 3/mammaliantargetofrapamycin/S6 kinase 2 signaling pathway (51). The present study demonstrated that ErbB1-4 expression is directly associated with FASN expression, which indicates that FASN and ErbBs may act as oncogenes, essential in promoting EMT of breast cancer.
IHC results indicated that the rate of ErbB1 expression in IDC was 72.4 and 65.5% in ErbB2, which were slightly higher than the values reported in previous studies of in situ (14–65%) (52,53) and invasive breast cancer (10–34%) (54,55). The rates of FASN, ErbB3 and ErbB4 expression were 75.5, 79.3 and 60.3%, respectively, which were in agreement with previous findings (56–58). The present results also revealed that the levels of ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4 were associated with each other and were consistent with the results of Abd El-Rehim et al (54) in breast cancer and that of Silva et al (59) in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.
In addition, the present study demonstrated that the expression of FASN, ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4 in IDC was associated with lymphatic metastasis, which confirmed the results of cytological detection analysis in the present study. Previous studies suggested that high levels of FASN (60), ErbB1 (52,54,55), ErbB2 (54,55,59), ErbB3 (54,55) and ErbB4 (54,55,61) associated with lymphatic metastasis and other clinicopathological characteristics. However, other studies demonstrated that the levels of ErbB1 (62), ErbB3 and ErbB4 (63,64) in breast cancer were independent of lymphatic metastasis. In the present study, a positive association was observed between ErbB2 expression and the clinical stages of IDC, tumor size and ER positivity, which was in agreement with a number of the previously published studies (54,55,58,64). However, other studies have demonstrated that tumor size and clinical stages were independent of ErbB2 expression, and ErbB3 was independent of ER positivity.
Therefore, the studies regarding the association between ErbBs and clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer appear to be inconsistent. There are several possible reasons for the differences in the findings, which are associated with variations between the studies, including: i) the use of different scoring systems of positive expression rate; ii) use of different antibodies; iii) variation in the genetic backgrounds of the study populations; iv) variations in the breast cancer subtypes collected for analysis, including in situ breast cancer, invasive breast cancer and invasive ductal carcinoma; v) different number of samples collected for analysis (between 51 and 6,046 cases) (52–66); and vi) differences in detection methods.
As oncogenes associated with metabolism, membrane microdomains composed of phospholipids generated by FASN, serve as anchoring sites for ErbBs and other receptor tyrosine kinases, and perform key roles in connecting ErbBs to downstream molecules (67). In the present study, toinvestigate the function and relevance of FASN and ErbBs in tumor cell EMT, MCF-7-MEK5 cells were treated with the FASN inhibitor cerulenin. The findings indicated that ErbB1, ErbB2 and ErbB4 levels were significantly downregulated with FASN inhibition. However, there was no effect on the levels of ErbB3. Additionally, a positive association was observed between ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB4 and FASN expression in 58 IDC samples. Samples expressing ErbB1, ErbB2 and ErbB4 also overexpressed FASN, which suggested that ErbB1, ErbB2 and ErbB4 were associated with FASN during EMT and breast cancer malignancy.
Binding of ErbBs with their respective ligands initiates the formation homo- and heterodimers, and autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues on their intracellular domain, which activates downstream PI3K/AKT or Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/ERK1/2 signaling pathways (68). It has been demonstrated that ErbB-mediated activation of these pathways lead to cellular changes in EMT, migration and invasion (69). Additionally, ErbB1-ErbB2 heterodimers promoted migration and invasion of MCF-10A cells (70). Overexpression of ErbB1 and ErbB2 was associated with poor prognostic features and decreased 5-year disease-free survival rates (55). The simultaneous overexpression of the intracellular sequence motif of ErbB1 (CYT2 mICD) and ErbB4 in a breast cancer cell line significantly increased cellular invasion (71). There is no soluble ligand for ErbB2, although it has a neuregulin domain similar to ErbB3. Therefore, ErbB2 frequently heterodimerizes with other ErbBs to promote EMT, migration, invasion and survival (72–74). Targeted inhibition of ErbB2 expression or its tyrosine kinase activity may effectively treat ErbB4-dependent breast cancer, even tumor cells which do not express ErbB2. Furthermore, silencing of ErbB2 or ErbB4 led to a significant decrease in anchorage independence and cell motility of breast cancer cells (42). Therefore, ErbB heterodimers are able to significantly increase EMT, migration and invasion of various types of tumor cells.
Previous studies have focused more on the association between FASN and ErbB1 and ErbB2 dimers in tumors (7,67,75–77), and have demonstrated that cross-talk between FASN and ErbB1-ErbB2 expression may be associated with metastasis progression in malignant ovarian cancers (67,75,77). Inhibition of FASN affected the synthesis of phospholipids, which indirectly destroyed the polymerization of ErbB1 and ErbB2 on the cell membrane (10–11). There are few studies investigating the effect of FASN on the expression of ErbB3, ErbB4 and their dimers. However, studies have shown that tumors that co-express ErbB1, ErbB2 and ErbB4 present an unfavorable outcome compared with other groups (54), and ErbB3 evade inhibition by HER-family tyrosine kinase inhibitors in vitro and in tumors in vivo (74,78).
Together, the present results significantly expanded the understanding of FASN and ErbB1-4 function in EMT breast cancer cells, particularly when they are over expressed, and revealed an association between FASN and ErbB1, 2 and 4 expression in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, based on the findings of the present and previously reported studies, it was hypothesized that the long chain fatty acid synthesized by FASN may affect the expression and function of ErbB1, ErbB2 and ErbB4, as well as their polymerized dimers, via formation of microstructures on the cell membrane, therefore regulating the process of tumor cell EMT, invasion and migration. ErbB3 may regulate EMT, invasion and metastasis of the tumor cells via a FASN-independent pathway. These results additionally indicated that it may be advantageous to inhibit FASN and ErbB1, 2 and 4 for treatment of certain subsets of patients with breast cancer who positively FASN, ErbB1, 2 or 4.
Acknowledgements
The present study was funded by a grant from Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. J1103604). The sponsors had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. The authors thank the Immunology Laboratory of Sichuan University (Sichuan, China) for supplying breast cancer cells, and thank West China Hospital of Sichuan University (Sichuan, China) for supplying breast cancer specimens and clinicopathological characteristics materials.
Glossary
Abbreviations
Abbreviations:
|
IDC |
invasive ductal carcinoma |
|
FASN |
fatty acid synthase |
|
EMT |
epithelial-mesenchymal transition |
|
ErbB |
human epidermal growth factor receptor |
|
EGFR |
epidermal growth factor receptor |
|
HER-2/neu |
human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 |
|
ER |
estrogen receptor |
|
PR |
progesterone receptor |
|
VEGF |
vascular endothelial growth factor |
|
VEGFR2 |
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 |
|
MEK5 |
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 5 |
|
ERK1/2 |
extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 |
|
AKT |
protein kinase B |
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