Analysis of expression profile data identifies key genes and pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma
- Authors:
- Published online on: December 6, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7534
- Pages: 2625-2630
Abstract
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly lethal malignancy, has an increasing worldwide incidence and is the third most frequent cause of cancer-associated mortality (1,2). It is estimated that >700,000 new cases are diagnosed each year (3). Infection with hepatitis B or C viruses, alcohol-associated cirrhosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis have been described as risk factors (4,5). In addition, the mortality rate almost equals the incidence rate in the majority of countries (4,5). Therefore, more research is required to identify novel effective treatments for HCC and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of HCC progression.
Extensive studies have been previously conducted and advances have been made in the identification of genes and pathways associated with HCC. Yong et al (6) demonstrated that spalt-like transcription factor 4 is associated with poor prognosis and may serve as a potential target for the therapy of HCC. Downregulation of microRNA-195 (miR-195) and miR-497 may affect molecular pathways associated with cell cycle progression, leading to the abnormal cellular proliferation observed in hepatocarcinogenesis (7). Cillo et al (8) demonstrated that the transcriptional and post-transcriptional deregulation of homeobox A13 may be involved in HCC through mRNA nuclear export of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-dependent transcripts. Revill et al (9), using integrative genomic analysis, revealed that sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 and neurofilament heavy polypeptide are tumor suppressor genes in HCC. Yoshikawa et al (10) reported that suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and Janus kinase 2 may serve as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of HCC. In addition, inhibition of the rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway inhibited tumor angiogenesis and induced apoptosis in a HCC model (11). Xu et al (12) demonstrated that miR-122 induces apoptosis and inhibits cellular proliferation in HCC by directly targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, ubiquitin D, an oncogene located at 6q21.3, promotes hepatitis B virus-associated HCC progression via the protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase 3β, signaling pathway (13). The tyrosine-protein kinase Met pathway is also involved in the pathogenesis of HCC (14). Additional studies indicated that a number of other pathways, including the hedgehog and the ρ GTPase signaling pathways, are associated with the progression of HCC (15,16). Even though a number of genes and pathways have been associated with HCC, the underlying molecular mechanisms of HCC progression have not been completely identified yet. Therefore, further research is required.
In the present study, the expression profile of the GSE49515 dataset was obtained and analyzed, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HCC and healthy samples were identified. Furthermore, functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed. In contrast to the previous studies of Shi et al (17) and Jiang et al (18), which used the same dataset to identify genes and pathways associated with HCC, the present study also investigated gene and drug interactions using the comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD). The aim of the present study was to identify key genes and pathways associated with HCC progression and investigate potential compounds leading to HCC carcinogenesis.
Materials and methods
Expression profile data
The GSE49515 dataset originally derived from the study by Shi et al (17) was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). The dataset contains the expression profile of 26 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, including 10 HCC samples, 3 pancreatic carcinoma samples, 3 gastric carcinoma samples and 10 healthy samples. In the present study, the 10 HCC and 10 healthy samples were used to analyze the mRNA expression profile of HCC. These data were analyzed using the GPL570 Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array platform (Affymetrix; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA).
Data preprocessing
The mRNA expression profile data were preprocessed using the Robust Multi-Array Average algorithm in the Affy software package (19), and subsequently, the expression matrix was generated. If several probes mapped to one gene symbol, then the mean value was set as the final expression value of this gene. A total of 20,108 genes were obtained.
DEG analysis
The limma software package (20) within Bioconductor was used to identify the DEGs in HCC samples compared with healthy samples. The P-values of DEGs were calculated using Student's t-test (21) in the limma software package and adjusted according to the Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) procedure (22). |log2(fold-change)|≥1 and BH_P<0.05 were used as threshold criteria.
Functional enrichment analysis
The Biological Networks Gene Ontology tool (BiNGO) (23) is a Cytoscape plugin used to assess the overrepresentation of Gene Ontology (GO) terms in biological networks. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database was used to assign related gene categories into their associated pathways (24). The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), an integrated data-mining environment, was used for pathway enrichment analysis (25). GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed using BINGO and DAVID. P<0.05 was used as the threshold criterion.
PPI network analysis
The Michigan Molecular Interactions database (MiMI) plugin (26) within the Cytoscape software platform (v2.7.0) (27) was used to perform PPI visual network analysis. The MiMI plugin integrates data from several databases, including the Biomolecular Interaction Network Database, the Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets, the Human Protein Reference Database, the Molecular Interaction Database, InterPro and SwissProt. The hub nodes were identified by calculating the degree value using the degree-sorted tool in Cytoscape. Highest degree hub nodes indicate key genes with important physiological regulation roles.
Gene and chemical interaction analysis
CTD (28,29) is a publicly available resource that provides manually curated information about chemical-gene interactions and chemical/gene-disease associations derived from microarray data and published literature. In addition, CTD provides chemical-gene interaction information for various diseases in vertebrates and invertebrates (30). The chemical-gene interaction data for HCC were obtained from the CTD database to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of several drugs.
Results
DEG analysis
A total of 302 DEGs, including 231 downregulated and 71 upregulated, were identified in HCC samples compared with healthy samples.
Functional enrichment analysis
GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed. The overrepresented GO terms (adjusted P<1.00×10−5) were mainly associated with drug reactions, immune response and cellular processes associated with stress (Fig. 1). The most significantly enriched pathways were cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the chemokine signaling pathway, the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and the MAPK signaling pathway (Table I).
PPI network analysis
The PPI network analysis was performed using the MiMI Cytoscape plugin. A total of 47 nodes, including 20 overexpressed and 27 underexpressed genes, were identified (Fig. 2). A total of 13 highest degree proteins, including toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1), TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 2, FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog (FOS), FOS-like antigen 2, fas ligand, chemokine ligand 4, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein γ, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1α, hypoxia inducible factor 1α and DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3), were identified as hub nodes and may potentially be associated with HCC carcinogenesis.
Gene and chemical interaction analysis
A total of 264 key genes, 1,030 small molecule compounds and 5,037 small molecule compounds and mRNA interaction association pairs were identified in the CTD database. Subsequently, the number of compounds targeting the same gene and the number of genes targeting the same compound were counted (Fig. 3A and B). A number of genes were targeted by several small molecule compounds. It was observed that >500 compounds were targeted by two genes (FUN, 611; FOS, 521) and >200 genes were targeted by two compounds (tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, 215; benzo(a)pyrene, 197).
Discussion
HCC is the most common primary liver malignancy characterized by a multifaceted molecular pathogenesis (31). In the present study, a total of 302 DEGs, including 231 downregulated and 71 upregulated genes, were identified in HCC samples compared with healthy samples. Using KEGG pathway analysis, it was demonstrated that the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and chemokine signaling pathways were the major enriched pathways. In addition, a total of 13 highest degree proteins, including FOS and DDIT3, were identified as hub nodes in PPI network analysis. Furthermore, >500 compounds were targeted by FUN and FOS, and >200 genes were targeted by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin and benzo(α)pyrene in the analysis of gene and chemical interactions.
In the present study, FOS was identified as a hub node in the PPI network analysis, and >500 compounds were targeted by FOS in the analysis of gene and chemical interactions. One study using immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that c-FOS serves a key role in HCC pathogenesis (32). The upregulation of c-FOS and Jun proto-oncogene mediated by protein kinase R promotes HCC proliferation (33). In addition, Fan et al (34) demonstrated that suppression of c-FOS, mediated by miR-139 downregulation, promotes HCC metastasis. miR-101 inhibits the expression of the FOS oncogene in HCC, suppressing hepatocyte growth factor-induced cellular migration and invasion (35). Additionally, Shen et al (36) reported that recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying Vastatin inhibited tumor metastasis and reduced the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, jagged 2 and c-FOS in HCC, inhibiting the cellular metabolism, Notch and activator protein-1 signaling pathways, respectively. This suggests that FOS may serve a critical role in the progression of HCC.
One additional study demonstrated that FUS-DDIT3 and DDIT3 may serve an important role in the induction of a liposarcoma phenotype (37). Kåbjörn Gustafsson et al (38) reported a dual promoting and inhibiting role in the formation of liposarcoma morphology mediated by DDIT3. DDIT3 and lysine acetyltransferase 2A proteins regulate the expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10α (TNFRSF10A) and TNFRSF10B in endoplasmic reticulum-associated, stress-induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cells (39). In addition, long non-coding RNA HOXA genes cluster antisense RNA 2 promotes proliferation of gastric cancer via silencing the expression of p21, polo-like kinase 3 and DDIT3 (40). Furthermore, it has also been demonstrated that DDIT3 is associated with the development of several types of cancer, including myxoid liposarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma (41,42). Therefore, DDIT3 serves an important role in several cancer types. In the present study, DDIT3 was overexpressed in HCC samples and indicated to be a hub node in PPI network analysis, suggesting that DDIT3 may be associated with HCC.
A number of studies have also demonstrated that the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway may be involved in HCC carcinogenesis (43–46). In the study by Hsu et al (47), it was reported that the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway is associated with HCC. Furthermore, Ryschich et al (48) demonstrated that the chemokine signaling pathway is involved in liver carcinogenesis, while another study indicated its involvement in organ-specific metastatic growth of cancer cells (49). Accordingly, the present study demonstrated that the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and chemokine signaling pathways were the major enriched pathways in KEGG pathway analysis. Therefore, these pathways may be involved in the development of HCC.
Analysis of gene and chemical interactions in the present study revealed that >200 genes were targeted by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin and benzo(α)pyrene. Previously, it has been demonstrated, using in vivo models, that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin may cause cancer (50). 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin promotes liver tumor growth via an aryl hydrocarbon and TNF/interleukin-1 receptor-dependent manner (51). One study reported that benzo(α)pyrene inhibits cell adhesion and promotes cell migration and invasion in HCC (52). Furthermore, a case-control study demonstrated that exposure to benzo(α)pyrene increases the risk of developing HCC (53). Therefore, exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin or benzo(α)pyrene may be associated with hepatocarcinogenesis.
In conclusion, FOS, DDIT3, the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway and the chemokine signaling pathway may serve critical roles in the development of HCC. Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin or benzo(α)pyrene may cause hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the lack of experimental verification and the relatively small sample size are major limitations of the present study. Therefore, further research is required to verify the present findings.
References
Arzumanyan A, Reis HM and Feitelson MA: Pathogenic mechanisms in HBV-and HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Cancer. 13:123–135. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
El-Serag HB: Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 142:1264. e1–1273. e1. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Bruix J, Gores GJ and Mazzaferro V: Hepatocellular carcinoma: Clinical frontiers and perspectives. Gut. 63:844–855. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Bruix J and Sherman M; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, : Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: An update. Hepatology. 53:1020–1022. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
European association for the study of the liver and European organisation for research and treatment of cancer: EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 56:908–943. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Yong KJ, Gao C, Lim JS, Yan B, Yang H, Dimitrov T, Kawasaki A, Ong CW, Wong KF, Lee S, et al: Oncofetal gene SALL4 in aggressive hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 368:2266–2276. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Furuta M, Kozaki K, Tanimoto K, Tanaka S, Arii S, Shimamura T, Niida A, Miyano S and Inazawa J: The tumor-suppressive miR-497-195 cluster targets multiple cell-cycle regulators in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One. 8:e601552013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Cillo C, Schiavo G, Cantile M, Bihl MP, Sorrentino P, Carafa V, D' Armiento M, Roncalli M, Sansano S, Vecchione R, et al: The HOX gene network in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 129:2577–2587. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Revill K, Wang T, Lachenmayer A, Kojima K, Harrington A, Li J, Hoshida Y, Llovet JM and Powers S: Genome-wide methylation analysis and epigenetic unmasking identify tumor suppressor genes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 145:1424–1435. e1-25. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Yoshikawa H, Matsubara K, Qian GS, Jackson P, Groopman JD, Manning JE, Harris CC and Herman JG: SOCS-1, a negative regulator of the JAK/STAT pathway, is silenced by methylation in human hepatocellular carcinoma and shows growth-suppression activity. Nat Genet. 28:29–35. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Liu L, Cao Y, Chen C, Zhang X, McNabola A, Wilkie D, Wilhelm S, Lynch M and Carter C: Sorafenib blocks the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, inhibits tumor angiogenesis, and induces tumor cell apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma model PLC/PRF/5. Cancer Res. 66:11851–11858. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Xu J, Zhu X, Wu L, Yang R, Yang Z, Wang Q and Wu F: MicroRNA-122 suppresses cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma by directly targeting Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Liver Int. 32:752–760. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Liu L, Dong Z, Liang J, Cao C, Sun J, Ding Y and Wu D: As an independent prognostic factor, FAT10 promotes hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma progression via Akt/GSK3β pathway. Oncogene. 33:909–920. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Goyal L, Muzumdar MD and Zhu AX: Targeting the HGF/c-MET pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 19:2310–2318. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Wang Y, Han C, Lu L, Magliato S and Wu T: Hedgehog signaling pathway regulates autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Hepatology. 58:995–1010. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Ma W, Wong CC, Tung EK, Wong CM and Ng IO: RhoE is frequently down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and suppresses HCC invasion through antagonizing the Rho/Rho-Kinase/Myosin phosphatase target pathway. Hepatology. 57:152–161. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Shi M, Chen MS, Sekar K, Tan CK, Ooi LL and Hui KM: A blood-based three-gene signature for the non-invasive detection of early human hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 50:928–936. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Jiang JX, Yu C, Li ZP, Xiao J, Zhang H, Chen MY and Sun CY: Insights into significant pathways and gene interaction networks in peripheral blood mononuclear cells for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther. 12:981–989. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Gautier L, Cope L, Bolstad BM and Irizarry RA: Affy-analysis of Affymetrix GeneChip data at the probe level. Bioinformatics. 20:307–315. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Smyth GK: Limma: Linear models for microarray dataBioinformatics and computational biology solutions using R and Bioconductor. Springer; New York, NY: pp. 397–420. 2005, View Article : Google Scholar | |
Smyth GK: Linear models and empirical Bayes methods for assessing differential expression in microarray experiments. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol. 3:Article32004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Ferreira JA: The Benjamini-Hochberg method in the case of discrete test statistics. Int J Biostat. 3:Article 112007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Maere S, Heymans K and Kuiper M: BiNGO: A Cytoscape plugin to assess overrepresentation of gene ontology categories in biological networks. Bioinformatics. 21:3448–3449. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Altermann E and Klaenhammer TR: PathwayVoyager: Pathway mapping using the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) database. BMC Genomics. 6:602005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Huang da W, Sherman BT and Lempicki RA: Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources. Nat Protoc. 4:44–57. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Gao J, Ade AS, Tarcea VG, Weymouth TE, Mirel BR, Jagadish HV and States DJ: Integrating and annotating the interactome using the MiMI plugin for cytoscape. Bioinformatics. 25:137–138. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Shannon P, Markiel A, Ozier O, Baliga NS, Wang JT, Ramage D, Amin N, Schwikowski B and Ideker T: Cytoscape: A software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res. 13:2498–2504. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Mattingly CJ, Colby GT, Forrest JN and Boyer JL: The comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD). Environ Health Perspect. 111:793–795. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Wiegers TC, Davis AP, Cohen KB, Hirschman L and Mattingly CJ: Text mining and manual curation of chemical-gene-disease networks for the comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD). BMC Bioinformatics. 10:3262009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Davis AP, Wiegers TC, Roberts PM, King BL, Lay JM, Lennon-Hopkins K, Sciaky D, Johnson R, Keating H, Greene N, et al: A CTD-Pfizer collaboration: Manual curation of 88,000 scientific articles text mined for drug-disease and drug-phenotype interactions. Database (Oxford). 2013:bat0802013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Whittaker S, Marais R and Zhu AX: The role of signaling pathways in the development and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene. 29:4989–5005. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Moghaddam SJ, Haghighi EN, Samiee S, Shahid N, Keramati AR, Dadgar S and Zali MR: Immunohistochemical analysis of p53, cyclinD1, RB1, c-fos and N-ras gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma in Iran. World J Gastroenterol. 13:588–593. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Watanabe T, Hiasa Y, Tokumoto Y, Hirooka M, Abe M, Ikeda Y, Matsuura B, Chung RT and Onji M: Protein kinase R modulates c-Fos and c-Jun signaling to promote proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatitis C virus infection. PLoS One. 8:e677502013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Fan Q, He M, Deng X, Wu WK, Zhao L, Tang J, Wen G, Sun X and Liu Y: Derepression of c-Fos caused by MicroRNA-139 down-regulation contributes to the metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Biochem Funct. 31:319–324. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Li S, Fu H, Wang Y, Tie Y, Xing R, Zhu J, Sun Z, Wei L and Zheng X: MicroRNA-101 regulates expression of the v-fos FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog (FOS) oncogene in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 49:1194–1202. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Shen Z, Yao C, Wang Z, Yue L, Fang Z, Yao H, Lin F, Zhao H, Sun YJ, Bian XW, et al: Vastatin, an Endogenous Antiangiogenesis Polypeptide That Is Lost in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Effectively Inhibits Tumor Metastasis. Mol Ther. 24:1358–1368. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Engström K, Willén H, Kåbjörn-Gustafsson C, Andersson C, Olsson M, Göransson M, Järnum S, Olofsson A, Warnhammar E and Aman P: The myxoid/round cell liposarcoma fusion oncogene FUS-DDIT3 and the normal DDIT3 induce a liposarcoma phenotype in transfected human fibrosarcoma cells. Am J Pathol. 168:1642–1653. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Kåbjörn Gustafsson C, Engström K and Åman P: DDIT3 expression in liposarcoma development. Sarcoma. 2014:9546712014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Li T, Su L, Lei Y and Liu X, Zhang Y and Liu X: DDIT3 and KAT2A proteins regulate TNFRSF10A and TNFRSF10B expression in endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 290:11108–11118. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Xie M, Sun M, Zhu YN, Xia R, Liu YW, Ding J, Ma HW, He XZ, Zhang ZH, Liu ZJ, et al: Long noncoding RNA HOXA-AS2 promotes gastric cancer proliferation by epigenetically silencing P21/PLK3/DDIT3 expression. Oncotarget. 6:33587–33601. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Narendra S, Valente A, Tull J and Zhang S: DDIT3 gene break-apart as a molecular marker for diagnosis of myxoid liposarcoma-assay validation and clinical experience. Diagn Mol Pathol. 20:218–224. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Huang Y, Chuang AY, Romano RA, Liégeois NJ, Sinha S, Trink B, Ratovitski E and Sidransky D: Phospho-∆ Np63α/NF-Y protein complex transcriptionally regulates DDIt3 expression in squamous cell carcinoma cells upon cisplatin exposure. Cell Cycle. 9:328–338. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Riehle KJ, Campbell JS, McMahan RS, Johnson MM, Beyer RP, Bammler TK and Fausto N: Regulation of liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis by suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. J Exp Med. 205:91–103. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Taub R: Liver regeneration: From myth to mechanism. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 5:836–847. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Calvisi DF, Ladu S, Gorden A, Farina M, Conner EA, Lee JS, Factor VM and Thorgeirsson SS: Ubiquitous activation of Ras and Jak/Stat pathways in human HCC. Gastroenterology. 130:1117–1128. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Niwa Y, Kanda H, Shikauchi Y, Saiura A, Matsubara K, Kitagawa T, Yamamoto J, Kubo T and Yoshikawa H: Methylation silencing of SOCS-3 promotes cell growth and migration by enhancing JAK/STAT and FAK signalings in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene. 24:6406–6417. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Hsu CN, Lai JM, Liu CH, Tseng HH, Lin CY, Lin KT, Yeh HH, Sung TY, Hsu WL, Su LJ, et al: Detection of the inferred interaction network in hepatocellular carcinoma from EHCO (Encyclopedia of hepatocellular carcinoma genes online). BMC Bioinformatics. 8:662007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Ryschich E, Lizdenis P, Ittrich C, Benner A, Stahl S, Hamann A, Schmidt J, Knolle P, Arnold B, Hämmerling GJ, et al: Molecular fingerprinting and autocrine growth regulation of endothelial cells in a murine model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res. 66:198–211. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Chambers AF, Groom AC and MacDonald IC: Dissemination and growth of cancer cells in metastatic sites. Nat Rev Cancer. 2:563–572. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Clemens MW: Reply: Association between agent orange exposure and nonmelanotic invasive skin cancer: A pilot study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 135:234e–235e. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Kennedy GD, Nukaya M, Moran SM, Glover E, Weinberg S, Balbo S, Hecht SS, Pitot HC, Drinkwater NR and Bradfield CA: Liver tumor promotion by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is dependent on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and TNF/IL-1 receptors. Toxicol Sci. 140:135–143. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Ba Q, Li J, Huang C, Qiu H, Li J, Chu R, Zhang W, Xie D, Wu Y and Wang H: Effects of benzo [a] pyrene exposure on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell angiogenesis, metastasis, and NF-κB signaling. Environ Health Perspect. 123:246–254. 2015.PubMed/NCBI | |
Su Y, Zhao B, Guo F, Bin Z, Yang Y, Liu S, Han Y, Niu J, Ke X, Wang N, et al: Interaction of benzo [a] pyrene with other risk factors in hepatocellular carcinoma: A case-control study in Xiamen, China. Ann Epidemiol. 24:98–103. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI |