Open Access

Aberrant methylation of LINE-1, SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 in non-small cell lung cancer

  • Authors:
    • Makoto Suzuki
    • Kenji Shiraishi
    • Ayami Eguchi
    • Koei Ikeda
    • Takeshi Mori
    • Kentaro Yoshimoto
    • Yasuomi Ohba
    • Tatsuya Yamada
    • Takaaki Ito
    • Yoshifumi Baba
    • Hideo Baba
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: January 31, 2013     https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2266
  • Pages: 1308-1314
  • Copyright: © Suzuki et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY_NC 3.0].

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

Genome-wide DNA hypomethylation and gene hypermethylation play important roles in instability and carcino­genesis. Methylation in long interspersed nucleotide element 1 (LINE-1) is a good indicator of the global DNA methylation level within a cell. Slit homolog 2 (SLIT2), myelin and lymphocyte protein gene (MAL) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) are known to be hypermethylated in various malignancies. The aim of the present study was to assess the precise methylation levels of LINE-1, SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using a pyrosequencing assay. Methylation of all regions was examined in 56 primary NSCLCs using a pyrosequencing assay. Changes in mRNA expression levels of SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 were measured before and after treatment with a demethylating agent. Methylation of these genes was also examined in 9 lung cancer cell lines using RT-PCR and a pyrosequencing assay. Frequencies of hypomethylation of LINE-1 and hypermethylation of SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7, defined by predetermined cut off values, were 55, 64, 46 and 54% in NSCLCs, respectively and exhibited tumor-specific features. The hypermethylation of all genes was well correlated with changes in expression. The methylation level and frequency of MAL were significantly higher in smokers and in patients without EGFR mutations. Through accurate measurement of methylation levels using pyrosequencing, hypomethylation of LINE-1 and hypermethylation of SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 were frequently detected in NSCLCs and associated with various clinical features. Analysis of the methylation profiles of these genes may, therefore, provide novel opportunities for the therapy of NSCLCs.

Introduction

Despite the progress of multimodal therapies for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the prognosis of patients remains poor. Therefore, accurate molecular analyses are essential for the establishment of an optimal treatment modality for each NSCLC patient.

CpG islands stretch over 500–2000 bp. These regulatory elements are located within promoter regions or the first exons of genes (1). In a normal genome, most cytosines of CpG sites in CpG islands are unmethylated, while methylated in X chromosome inactivation. Gene silencing associated with aberrant methylation of tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) is a common mechanism of tumorigenesis in NSCLC (2). Global genomic DNA hypomethylation also plays an important role in genomic instability during tumorigenesis (3). Thus, the mechanisms of both DNA hypermethylation of TSGs and global genomic hypomethylation should be elucidated in order to understand and manage NSCLC.

The methods used to measure methylation in cancer cells or tissues varies among methylation-specific PCR (MSP) (4), real-time MSP (5), direct sequencing followed by subcloning, or combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) (6). Although all are technically sound, have widespread appeal and are frequently reported in the literature (710), each has limitations. Since the primers used for MSP and real-time MSP are designed to detect methylation at all of the CpG sites in the binding sequence, amplicons are generated only when the CpG island being examined is completely methylated. Subcloning and COBRA procedures are labor intensive and are thus not suitable for analysis of numerous samples; the non-quantitative nature of these methods is also a drawback.

In such a situation, the development of a simple, easy and accurate methylation assay seems necessary. Pyrosequencing is a nonelectrophoretic nucleotide extension sequencing technology with various applications including quantitative methylation analysis (11). Pyrosequencing has previously been shown to be more precise than COBRA and MethyLight (12). We previously demonstrated that one bisulfite-treated DNA specimen can provide precise measurement of a gene’s methylation value using pyrosequencing (13). Since a single run of PCR pyrosequencing can provide a reasonably precise measurement of gene methylation in a given specimen, and the variation in gene methylation values between different tissue sections from one tumor is relatively small, the gene methylation level of a representative tissue sample is most likely similar to the level of the entire tumor.

In the present study, the methylation levels of long interspersed nucleotide element 1 (LINE-1), Slit homolog 2 (SLIT2), T-cell differentiation/myelin and lymphocyte protein gene (MAL), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7, also named insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein) were assessed using sodium bisulfite conversion and a PCR pyrosequencing assay. Since these genes are known to be TSGs in various tumors, their role in tumorigenesis of NSCLC needs to be clarified. We correlated our results with clinicopathological features of the NSCLCs to learn more about how methylation profiles differ in NSCLC subtypes.

Materials and methods

Patients and cell lines

Specimens were obtained from 56 serial patients who underwent thoracic surgery at Kumamoto University Hospital from 2010 to 2012. None of these patients underwent preoperative chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or chemoradiotherapy. Informed consent for the research was obtained from each patient. The study design was approved by the ethics review board of our university.

Eight NSCLC cell lines (HCC15, H63, H157, H460, HUT15, HUT29, HUT70 and PC10) and one SCLC cell line (SBC5) were used in this study. We established several of the cell lines used (14), and others were purchased, or generously donated by Dr Adi F. Gazdar of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.

5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR) treatment

The 9 tumor cell lines were incubated in culture medium with 1 μM of the demethylating agent 5-aza-CdR (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) for 6 days, with replacement of the medium on days 1, 3 and 5. Cells were harvested and RNA was extracted at day 6 as previously described (15).

Reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR)

A reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) assay was used to examine mRNA expression. Total RNA was extracted from samples with TRIzol (Life Technologies, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The RT reaction was performed on 4 μg of total RNA using Deoxyribonuclease I and the SuperScript II First-Strand Synthesis System with the oligo(dT) Primer System (Life Technologies), and aliquots of the reaction mixture were subsequently used for PCR amplification. Real-time RT-PCR was performed using SYBR Premix Ex Taq (Perfect Real-Time) (Takara, Japan) and Thermal Cycler Dice® Real-Time System TP850 software. The results were analyzed using the comparative Ct method (ΔΔCt) to compare the relative expression of each target gene before and after 5-aza-CdR treatment according to the user manual, and the ratio (5-aza-CdR/mRNA) was obtained. GAPDH was coamplified with target genes and served as an internal standard. Primer sequences were identical to those of the endogenous human target genes as confirmed by a BLAST search. For all RNA examined, the Gene Accession numbers are listed in parentheses. The real-time RT-PCR primer sequences used were (sequences following F, forward primer sequences; R, reverse primer sequences): SLIT2 (NM_004787.1) F, GGTGTCCTCTGTGATGAAGAG and R, GTGTTTAGGACACACACCTCG; MAL (NM_002371.2) F, GCAAGACGGCTTCACCTACAG and R, GCAGAGTG GCTATGTAGGAGAACA; IGFBP7 (NM_001553.1) F, CAC TGGTGCCCAGGTGTACT and R, TTGGATGCATGGCAC TCACA; GAPDH (NM_002046.3) F, TGAACGGGAAG CTCACTGG and R, TCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTA. We confirmed that genomic DNA was not amplified with these primers, because all sequences cross an intron.

DNA extraction and pyrosequencing assay

Genomic DNA was obtained from primary tumors and nonmalignant tissues by digestion with proteinase K, and phenol/chloroform (1:1) extraction using PureLink™ Genomic DNA kits (Invitrogen, USA).

DNA was treated with sodium bisulfite using EpiTect Bisulfite kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Qiagen, USA). Subsequent PCR and pyrosequencing for each gene was performed using the PyroMark kit (Qiagen) as described previously (16). The PCR conditions were 45 cycles of 95°C for 20 sec, 50°C for 20 sec and 72°C for 20 sec, followed by 72°C for 5 min. The biotinylated PCR products were purified and denatured prior to pyrosequencing with the Pyrosequencing Vacuum Prep Tool (Qiagen) in the PyroMark Q96 MD System (Qiagen). The nucleotide dispensation orders were: LINE-1 (X58075), ACTCAGTGTGTCAGTCAGTTAGTCTG; SLIT2, GTCGTCGTTGATTAGAGTGATCTGTCG; MAL, ATGTC GTCATGATAGTCGAGTTCGTCG; IGFBP7, GTCGTCGA TGTAGTTGTCG. The amount of C relative to the sum of the amounts of C and T at each CpG site was calculated as a percentage (i.e., 0–100). The average of the relative amounts of C in the CpG sites was used as the overall methylation level of each gene in a given tumor.

Detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations was performed using the Cycleave method as reported previously (17).

Statistical analysis

The Fisher’s exact test and Mann-Whitney U test were applied to assess the association between categorical variables. Statistical significance was defined as a P-value <0.05. All P-values were two-sided. To determine the appropriate methylation cut-off value, each methylation level was subdivided into two cohorts using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis (18). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 for Windows (SPSS, Inc., USA).

Results

Aberrant methylation of LINE-1, SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 in primary tumors

We examined the methylation level of LINE-1, SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 in 56 NSCLC tissues and matched non-malignant lung tissues, with representative cases shown in Fig. 1. Tumor tissues showed significantly lower levels of LINE-1 methylation when compared with matched non-malignant lung tissues (P<0.0001). In contrast, methylation levels of SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 in tumor samples were higher when compared with levels in matched non-malignant lung tissues (P<0.0001, P=0.0010 and P<0.0001, respectively) (Table I). These data indicate that aberrant methylation was a tumor-specific event in NSCLCs.

Table I

Aberrant methylation levels of genes tested and cut-off values obtained from ROC curves.

Table I

Aberrant methylation levels of genes tested and cut-off values obtained from ROC curves.

GenesCut-off valueTumor tissueMatched non-malignant lung tissueP-valuebP-valuec


MedianMean ± SDRangeMethylation (%)aMedianMean ± SDRangeMethylation (%)a
LINE-171.271.067.9±10.035.0–80.431 (55)73.473.8±2.968.0–86.59 (16)<0.0001<0.0001
SLIT28.3811.012.3±7.63.4–42.636 (64)6.16.6±2.03.4–11.88 (14)<0.0001<0.0001
MAL2.252.02.5±1.61.0–8.226 (46)1.81.8±0.31.0–2.64 (7)0.0010<0.0001
IGFBP76.386.67.9±4.22.1–19.130 (54)4.95.1±1.03.4–9.33 (5)<0.0001<0.0001

a Number and percentage of aberrant methylation determined by cut-off value.

b P-value obtained from paired t-test by comparing the methylation levels between tumors and matched non-malignant lung tissues.

c P-value obtained from Fisher’s exact probability test by comparing the frequencies of aberrant methylation.

Studies that define cut-off values of aberrant methylation are important as they are useful for further discussion or cancer screening. Therefore, ROC curve analyses were conducted to obtain cut-off values for methylation within each genomic region. As shown in Fig. 2, cut-off values were determined, and the frequencies of aberrant methylation in both tumor and matched non-malignant lung tissue were obtained (Table I). Comparisons of tumor tissue with matched non-malignant lung tissue indicated that aberrant methylation of LINE-1, SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 were all tumor-specific events (all P<0.0001), despite the fact that tumor tissues consist of mixtures of tumor cells and non-malignant cells.

We next compared the clinicopathologic features with values of the methylation level and frequencies of aberrant methylation of LINE-1, SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 in NSCLCs (Table II). The level of LINE-1 methylation was significantly lower in squamous cell carcinoma when compared with the level in adenocarcinoma (P=0.0001). The methylation level of SLIT2 was significantly higher in cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) when compared with the level in non-COPD cases (P=0.05). Frequencies of MAL hypermethylation were significantly higher in men than in women (P=0.035). In addition, the methylation level and methylation frequency of MAL were both significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers (P=0.037; P=0.032) and in patients without EGFR mutations (P=0.001; P=0.002) compared to patients with EGFR mutations.

Table II

Aberrant methylation levels and frequencies of LINE-1, SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 in NSCLC.

Table II

Aberrant methylation levels and frequencies of LINE-1, SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 in NSCLC.

Patient characteristics56 casesLINE-1P-valuea
P-valueb
SLIT2P-valuea
P-valueb
MALP-valuea
P-valueb
IGFBP7P-valuea
P-valueb




Meann%Meann%Meann%Meann%
Agec (years)
 <722770.41556NS11.11763NS2.511348NS7.931452NS
 ≥722965.61655NS13.41966NS2.571345NS7.831655NS
Gender
 Male3067.81653NS11.82067NS2.751860NS8.751963NS
 Female2668.11454NS12.91662NS2.318310.0356.881142NS
Smoking history
 Smoker3267.11856NS12.52063NS2.9319590.0378.722063NS
 Never smoker2469.11354NS12.01667NS2.037290.0326.761042NS
COPD
 (+)2166.31152NS14.815710.052.891048NS9.031467NS
 (−)3568.92057NS10.72160NS2.341646NS7.191646NS
Histology
 ADC4770.125530.000112.23268NS2.442145NS8.092655NS
 SCC956.7667NS12.5444NS3.08556NS6.79444NS
p-stage
 IA3169.51548NS11.11858NS2.441239NS7.901755NS
 IB-III2566.01664NS13.71872NS3.321456NS7.861352NS
EGFR mutationd
 (+)1768.01271NS11.51376NS1.673180.0017.34847NS
 (−)1869.7950NS16.11583NS3.6113720.0029.411372NS

{ label (or @symbol) needed for fn[@id='tfn4-or-29-04-1308'] } Mean, mean value of methylation level in tumor tissue; n, number of methylated cases according to the cut-off value of the ROS curve; NS, not significant; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ADC, adenocarcinoma; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma.

a P-value, methylation levels were compared by unpaired Student t-test.

b P-value, methylation frequencies were compared by Fisher’s exact probability test.

c Divided into 2 groups by median age.

d Thirty-five cases were examined.

Aberrant methylation and mRNA expression of SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 in the cell lines

We next examined the methylation level of LINE-1, SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 in cell lines and determined whether the observed levels were aberrant. According to the cut-off values obtained from primary tumor sample analyses (Table I), LINE-1 hypomethylation was present in 9 out of 9 cell lines. Hypermethylation of SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 was present in 7 out of 9, 9 out of 9, and 7 out of 9 cell lines, respectively (Table III). Next, expression of SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 was examined by real-time RT-PCR before and after demethylation with 5-aza-CdR treatment. By calculating the ratios of gene expression for the two treatments, we determined that SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 expression was higher after 5-aza-CdR treatment in 4 out of 9, 8 out of 9 and 7 out of 9 cell lines, respectively (Table III). The overall concordances between gene expression ratios and methylation levels of SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 were 67, 89 and 78% in lung cancer cell lines. The observed discordance could not be dissolved even when we changed the cut-off value of methylation (data not shown). Finally, we compared the methylation level of LINE-1 with methylation levels of other genes. There was no significant correlation between LINE-1 methylation and methylation of other genes (data not shown).

Table III

Aberrant methylation and expression change ratio of lung cancer cell lines.

Table III

Aberrant methylation and expression change ratio of lung cancer cell lines.

LINE-1SLIT2MALIGFBP7




Cell lineMethylationMethylation5-Aza-CdR/mRNAMethylation5-Aza-CdR/mRNAMethylation5-Aza-CdR/mRNA
SBC548.5↓72.5↑2.4693.5↑37.598.0↑69.00
HCC1533.4↓44.6↑1.736.4↑23.57.6↑7.84
H6333.6↓3.500.403.4↑3.3735.7↑0.47
H15740.4↓22.8↑1.9126.4↑30.064.7↑1.26
H46046.7↓10.1↑0.0911.2↑25.052.7↑2.57
HUT1529.1↓28.4↑0.334.5↑2.404.70.54
HUT2936.1↓2.351.002.6↑1.203.31.72
HUT7069.6↓83.0↑4.143.8↑25.995.6↑5.82
PC1014.4↓75.7↑0.636.6↑1.006.8↑2.23

[i] Both up and down arrows indicate that the level exceeds the normal level as determined by ROC curve analysis.

Discussion

LINE-1 methylation is a good indicator of cellular 5-methylcytosine levels, and thus is correlated with the global DNA methylation level of cells or tissues. Previously, it was reported that hypomethylation of LINE-1 measured by real-time MSP was a prognostic marker in stage IA NSCLC (19). In our study, we first measured LINE-1 methylation in NSCLC using pyrosequencing, and found that LINE-1 was hypomethylated at higher frequencies in tumor tissues when compared with the frequencies in non-malignant lung tissue of NSCLCs. Although the number examined was relatively small and the prognosis was not examined, we detected significantly lower methylation levels in squamous cell carcinomas as compared to adenocarcinomas. The role of LINE-1 hypomethylation in carcinogenesis may be different between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

The re-expression of SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 that was observed in lung cancer cell lines after treatment with a demethylating agent exhibited good concordance with the methylation status, suggesting that expression of those genes was downregulated mainly by hypermethylation. However, differences in the methylation level of each gene did not correlate linearly with the changes in expression measured before and after demethylation. Moreover, the discordance between methylation and expression remained even after modifying the cut-off value of methylation levels. The expression of each gene may be regulated partially by other mechanisms such as histone acetylation, loss of heterozygosity or miRNA, or may be due to toxicity of the demethylating agent.

SLIT2 suppresses tumor growth by coordinating regulation of the β-catenin and PI3K/AKT pathways. The hypermethylation of SLIT2 in NSCLC was examined by MSP (20). We also conducted similar experiments, but were not able to obtain clear results (data not shown), indicating that MSP can be influenced by conditions of the experiments, laboratory or reagents. In a previous study, SLIT2 methylation was examined by genome-wide DNA methylation analysis, using a microarray, in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (21). Since SLIT2 is a well-known TSG and may play an important role in NSCLC tumorigenesis, we used pyrosequencing to obtain accurate and quantitative measurements of SLIT2 methylation in NSCLCs. Our results indicated that SLIT2 was hypermethylated in both tumor tissues and tumor cell lines. In addition, SLIT2 methylation levels were significantly higher in COPD cases than in non-COPD cases. We previously examined the molecular influence of COPD on the pathogenesis of NSCLC, and found that the genetic profile of COPD-related NSCLC was quite different from that of non-COPD-related NSCLC (22). Aberrant methylation of SLIT2 may also play a different role between COPD and non-COPD NSCLCs.

MAL is a T-cell differentiation protein. The MAL gene, which was initially isolated and cloned in 1987, maps to the long arm of chromosome 2, encodes a 16.7-kDa membrane protein, and contains a CpG island (23). MAL has been shown to possess tumor-suppressor capabilities by suppressing motility, invasion and tumorigenicity and by enhancing apoptosis in esophageal cancer (24). Previous studies have indicated that MAL is frequently methylated and plays a critical role in tumorigenesis of various types of tumors (2527). However, to date there have been no studies examining MAL methylation in NSCLC. We examined methylation using pyrosequencing. Although the aberrant methylation level of the MAL gene was not high in comparison to the other genes examined here, methylation was significantly higher in tumor tissue than in non-malignant lung tissue. Moreover, the frequency of MAL methylation was significantly higher in males than in females, and both methylation level and methylation frequency were significantly higher in smokers and patients without EGFR mutations than in non-smokers and patients with EGFR mutations. Thus, the hypermethylation of MAL may play an important role in tumorigenesis of NSCLC, particularly in male smokers.

IGFBP7 is expressed in normal epithelial cells and acts as a tumor suppressor by inducing apoptosis in various types of tumors (2830). The IGFBP7 gene is aberrantly methylated in various tumors (31,32), and methylation was previously detected in 46 out of 90 lung cancers examined by MSP (33). In our study, we evaluated the methylation level of the IGFBP7 gene in NSCLC using pyrosequencing, and detected hypermethylation in 30 out of 56 NSCLCs. The frequency of IGFBP7 hypermethylation tha was measured was quite similar to that reported by Chen et al, although the methodology and population were different (33).

In summary, through accurate measurement of methylation levels using a pyrosequencing assay, hypomethylation of LINE-1 and hypermethylation of SLIT2, MAL, and IGFBP7 were frequently detected in NSCLCs. Furthermore, these aberrant methylation profiles were accompanied by distinct clinical features. Further basic and clinical studies are required to investigate the role of aberrant methylation in NSCLC. Ultimately, further research in this area can contribute to the establishment of personalized treatment for NSCLC.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology of Japan (23592069), and a grant from the Smoking Research Foundation (2010–2012).

Abbreviations:

LINE-1

long interspersed nucleotide element 1

SLIT2

slit homolog 2

MAL

myelin and lymphocyte protein gene

IGFBP7

insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7

NSCLC

non-small cell lung cancer

References

1 

Takai D and Jones PA: Comprehensive analysis of CpG islands in human chromosomes 21 and 22. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99:3740–3745. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Suzuki M and Yoshino I: Aberrant methylation in non-small cell lung cancer. Surg Today. 40:602–607. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Gaudet F, Hodgson JG, Eden A, et al: Induction of tumors in mice by genomic hypomethylation. Science. 300:489–492. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Herman JG, Graff JR, Myohanen S, Nelkin BD and Baylin SB: Methylation-specific PCR: a novel PCR assay for methylation status of CpG islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:9821–9826. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Lo YM, Wong IH, Zhang J, Tein MS, Ng MH and Hjelm NM: Quantitative analysis of aberrant p16 methylation using real-time quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res. 59:3899–3903. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Xiong Z and Laird PW: COBRA: a sensitive and quantitative DNA methylation assay. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:2532–2534. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Suzuki M, Toyooka S, Shivapurkar N, et al: Aberrant methylation profile of human malignant mesotheliomas and its relationship to SV40 infection. Oncogene. 24:1302–1308. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Takahashi T, Shivapurkar N, Riquelme E, et al: Aberrant promoter hypermethylation of multiple genes in gallbladder carcinoma and chronic cholecystitis. Clin Cancer Res. 10:6126–6133. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Tamura H, Suzuki M, Moriya Y, et al: Aberrant methylation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor type 2B (NMDAR2B) in non-small cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 11:2202011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Tian L, Suzuki M, Nakajima T, et al: Clinical significance of aberrant methylation of prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2) in nonsmall cell lung cancer: association with prognosis, PTGER2 expression, and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. Cancer. 113:1396–1403. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Ronaghi M: Pyrosequencing sheds light on DNA sequencing. Genome Res. 11:3–11. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Sepulveda AR, Jones D, Ogino S, et al: CpG methylation analysis - current status of clinical assays and potential applications in molecular diagnostics: a report of the Association for Molecular Pathology. J Mol Diagn. 11:266–278. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Iwagami S, Baba Y, Watanabe M, et al: Pyrosequencing assay to measure LINE-1 methylation level in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 19:2726–2732. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Yamaji H, Iizasa T, Koh E, et al: Correlation between interleukin 6 production and tumor proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 53:786–792. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Suzuki M, Sunaga N, Shames DS, Toyooka S, Gazdar AF and Minna JD: RNA interference-mediated knockdown of DNA methyltransferase 1 leads to promoter demethylation and gene re-expression in human lung and breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 64:3137–3143. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Baba Y, Huttenhower C, Nosho K, et al: Epigenomic diversity of colorectal cancer indicated by LINE-1 methylation in a database of 869 tumors. Mol Cancer. 9:1252010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Yoshida K, Yatabe Y, Park JY, et al: Prospective validation for prediction of gefitinib sensitivity by epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutation in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2:22–28. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Moses LE, Shapiro D and Littenberg B: Combining independent studies of a diagnostic test into a summary ROC curve: data-analytic approaches and some additional considerations. Stat Med. 12:1293–1316. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Saito K, Kawakami K, Matsumoto I, Oda M, Watanabe G and Minamoto T: Long interspersed nuclear element 1 hypomethylation is a marker of poor prognosis in stage IA non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 16:2418–2426. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Dallol A, Da Silva NF, Viacava P, et al: SLIT2, a human homologue of the Drosophila Slit2 gene, has tumor suppressor activity and is frequently inactivated in lung and breast cancers. Cancer Res. 62:5874–5880. 2002.

21 

Kwon YJ, Lee SJ, Koh JS, et al: Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation and the gene expression change in lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 7:20–33. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Suzuki M, Wada H, Yoshino M, et al: Molecular characterization of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-related non-small cell lung cancer through aberrant methylation and alterations of EGFR signaling. Ann Surg Oncol. 17:878–888. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Puertollano R, Martin-Belmonte F, Millan J, et al: The MAL proteolipid is necessary for normal apical transport and accurate sorting of the influenza virus hemagglutinin in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J Cell Biol. 145:141–151. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Mimori K, Shiraishi T, Mashino K, et al: MAL gene expression in esophageal cancer suppresses motility, invasion and tumorigenicity and enhances apoptosis through the Fas pathway. Oncogene. 22:3463–3471. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Lind GE, Ahlquist T, Kolberg M, et al: Hypermethylated MAL gene - a silent marker of early colon tumorigenesis. J Transl Med. 6:132008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Buffart TE, Overmeer RM, Steenbergen RD, et al: MAL promoter hypermethylation as a novel prognostic marker in gastric cancer. Br J Cancer. 99:1802–1807. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Overmeer RM, Henken FE, Bierkens M, et al: Repression of MAL tumour suppressor activity by promoter methylation during cervical carcinogenesis. J Pathol. 219:327–336. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Ruan W, Xu E, Xu F, et al: IGFBP7 plays a potential tumor suppressor role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Biol Ther. 6:354–359. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Vizioli MG, Sensi M, Miranda C, et al: IGFBP7: an oncosuppressor gene in thyroid carcinogenesis. Oncogene. 29:3835–3844. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Mutaguchi K, Yasumoto H, Mita K, et al: Restoration of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 1 has a tumor-suppressive activity through induction of apoptosis in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 63:7717–7723. 2003.

31 

Smith P, Nicholson LJ, Syed N, et al: Epigenetic inactivation implies independent functions for insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-related protein 1 and the related IGFBPL1 in inhibiting breast cancer phenotypes. Clin Cancer Res. 13:4061–4068. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Ye F, Chen Y, Knosel T, et al: Decreased expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 in human colorectal carcinoma is related to DNA methylation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 133:305–314. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Chen Y, Cui T, Knosel T, Yang L, Zoller K and Petersen I: IGFBP7 is a p53 target gene inactivated in human lung cancer by DNA hypermethylation. Lung Cancer. 73:38–44. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

Journal Cover

April 2013
Volume 29 Issue 4

Print ISSN: 1021-335X
Online ISSN:1791-2431

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Suzuki M, Shiraishi K, Eguchi A, Ikeda K, Mori T, Yoshimoto K, Ohba Y, Yamada T, Ito T, Baba Y, Baba Y, et al: Aberrant methylation of LINE-1, SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 29: 1308-1314, 2013.
APA
Suzuki, M., Shiraishi, K., Eguchi, A., Ikeda, K., Mori, T., Yoshimoto, K. ... Baba, H. (2013). Aberrant methylation of LINE-1, SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncology Reports, 29, 1308-1314. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2266
MLA
Suzuki, M., Shiraishi, K., Eguchi, A., Ikeda, K., Mori, T., Yoshimoto, K., Ohba, Y., Yamada, T., Ito, T., Baba, Y., Baba, H."Aberrant methylation of LINE-1, SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 in non-small cell lung cancer". Oncology Reports 29.4 (2013): 1308-1314.
Chicago
Suzuki, M., Shiraishi, K., Eguchi, A., Ikeda, K., Mori, T., Yoshimoto, K., Ohba, Y., Yamada, T., Ito, T., Baba, Y., Baba, H."Aberrant methylation of LINE-1, SLIT2, MAL and IGFBP7 in non-small cell lung cancer". Oncology Reports 29, no. 4 (2013): 1308-1314. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2266