MicroRNA-223 functions as an oncogene in human colorectal cancer cells
- Authors:
- Published online on: May 8, 2014 https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2014.3173
- Pages: 115-120
Abstract
Introduction
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide with an increasingly high incidence rate in developing countries (1,2). It is also the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality with very poor prognosis and a high possibility of metastasis (3,4). To date, there is no ideal biomarker for CRC detection and therapy, therefore, development of biomarkers for early detection and therapy cannot be underrated, as they can help control progression and mortality of CRC.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding small RNAs that can block the translation of mRNA targets and affect mRNA stability (5), thereby regulating protein-coding gene networks and pathways (6). Aberrant expressions of miRNAs have been observed in breast (7), brain (8), lung (9), thyroid (10,11) and colon (11) cancer cells and are tightly related to cancer development and progression, including biological processes such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and development of metastases (12–14). miRNAs contribute to oncogenesis as either an oncogene (oncomiR) or a tumor-suppressor (15). In CRCs, miR-20a, miR-21, miR-25, miR-31, miR-93, miR-106, miR-183 and miR-203 were upregulated, suggesting their oncogene functions, whereas miR-1, miR-126, miR-30, miR-143, miR-145, miR-191 and miR-192 were downregulated, indicating their tumor suppressor functions (16). In CRCs, miRNAs are found to play an important role in cancer risk assessment, diagnosis, prognosis and drug response (17–19), therefore, they can serve as potential biomarkers. However, to date, only ~50 miRNAs have been studied in CRC or CRC cell lines (16) and their functions are not well understood. Furthermore, there are few clinical analyses for the correlation between miRNAs and CRC progression.
MicroRNA-223 (miR-223) has been reported with opposite functions in different types of cancer. It functions as an oncomiR in some cancer types, such as recurrent vs. primary ovarian (20) and bladder cancer (21), adenocarcinoma of esophagus (22) and metastatic gastric cancer (23,24), whereas in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (25), primary small cell lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma (26–28), miR-223 functions as a tumor suppressor. However, the function of miR-223 in CRC has yet to be characterized.
In the present study, we used miRNA microarray to compare the miRNA profiles in colon tumors and paired non-tumorous tissues. We identified a promising candidate, miR-223, and confirmed its expression pattern in CRC in 90 paired samples using quantitative real-time PCR. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-223 suppressed colon cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-223 plays a critical role in CRC and can function as a potential molecular biomarker and therapeutic gene for CRC treatment.
Materials and methods
Patients and samples
Pairs of human colon tumor and adjacent non-tumorous tissues were obtained from 90 surgical patients from the Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital. CRC samples were collected from patients undergoing bowel resection. Adjacent normal mucosa samples located at least 2 cm from the margins of the tumor (polyp or carcinoma) were used as controls. All tumors were adenocarcinomas. Cases with mucinous carcinomas (when >50% of the tumor volume was composed of mucin) were excluded from this study. Collected samples were flash frozen in liquid nitrogen after surgery. All patients were informed about the aims of the specimen collection and they provided written consent in accordance with the ethics guidelines of Peking University. The present study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital.
CRC cell culture and transfection
Human colorectal carcinoma cells LoVo and Colo320 were cultured in Dulbecco’s minimum essential medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco). Artificial miR-223 inhibitor (anti-miR-223) and random sequence anti-miR molecule (anti-miR-NC) were synthesized by Ambion (Austin, TX, USA). LoVo and Colo320 cells were seeded for 20 h incubation before transfection followed by transfection with either chemically synthesized anti-miR-223 or anti-miR-NC using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
miRNA microarray
The miRNA microarray was performed at the Kangchen Biotechnology company (Shanghai, China). The LNA-modified oligonucleotide probes for all annotated miRNAs from human (Homo sapiens) in miRBase version 11.0 were purchased from Exiqon (miRCURY™ version 11.0). RNA labeling and hybridization on miRNA microarray chips was performed as previously described (29). Scanning of microarray was performed with an Axon GenePix 4000B microarray scanner. GenePix Pro V6.0 was used for image processing and array data retrieval. The intensity of green signal was calculated after background subtraction and replicated spots on the same slide were averaged to get the median intensity. The median normalization method was used to obtain ‘Normalized Data’. Normalized Data = (Foreground − Background)/median. Median was 50 percent quantile of miRNA intensity which was >50 in all samples after background correction. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering was performed on the miRNA expression profiling using cluster 3 and Treeview software.
Quantitative real-time PCR
Colorectal tumor and adjacent normal mucosa total RNA was extracted with TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). The expression of miR-223 was measured using TaqMan MicroRNA Assays kit (Ambion) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Relative expression was calculated by the 2−ΔΔCt method and normalized to the expression of RNU6B (Ambion).
Cell proliferation assays
The effect of miR-223 on the cell viability was measured by WST-1 assay. Cells were counted and plated at a density of 3×103 cells/well in 96-well plates in triplicates. Cell viability was determined at 24, 48 and 72 h post-transfection. Spectrophotometry was performed at λ=450 nm and λref=630 nm after incubation with 10 μl WST-1 (Roche, New York, NY, USA) for 2 h. Proliferation of cells was evaluated using colony formation assay. For colony formation assays, cells were seeded in 6-well plates (0.5×103 cells/well) and cultured for two weeks. Colonies were fixed with methanol for 10 min and stained with 1% crystal violet (Sigma) for 1 min. Visible colonies in 10 random view fields were manually counted. Each cell group was measured in triplicate.
Scratch wound-healing motility assays
Cells were seeded and grown to confluence in a 60-mm dish. An artificial wound was created 24 h following transfection with either anti-miR-223 or anti-miR-NC using a 200-μl pipette tip on the confluent cell monolayer. To visualize migrated cells and wound healing, images were captured at 0 and 48 h. The distance between the two edges of the scratch was measured using Digimizer software system.
Transwell invasion assay
Cell invasion assay was performed using the Matrigel Invasion Chamber (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) pre-coated with ECM gel (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). Cells transfected with either chemically synthesized anti-miR-223 or anti-miR-NC were seeded into the upper chamber of serum-free medium. The lower chamber prepared with 10% FBS served as a chemoattractant. After 24-h incubation, the non-invading cells were mechanically removed. The invasive cells on the lower surface of the membrane were then washed, fixed and stained with crystal violet. The number of cells was counted in 10 randomly optical fields under a microscope at a magnification of ×400.
Statistical analysis
Significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) was used to identify miRNAs differentially expressed between samples (FDR=0). miR-223 expressions in CRC tumors and adjacent non-tumor tissues were compared by the Mann-Whitney U test and in the evaluation between early and advanced stage tumors. A comparison of means among two or more groups was performed using one-way analysis of variance or the Student’s t-test. All numerical data were expressed as means ± SD. P-value <0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant result. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) and SPSS software (version 11).
Results
Expression profiling of miRNAs in human CRC and adjacent non-tumor colorectal tissues
To investigate the miRNA expression patterns in human CRC, we used miRNA microarrays to compare their expression in human CRC and adjacent non-tumor colorectal tissues. Experiments were conducted with miRNA isolated from three paired normal and tumor specimens. Microarray expression profiling revealed a series of miRNAs that showed altered expressions in CRC. Scatter plot and hierarchical clustering analysis are shown in Fig. 1A. Compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues, 13 miRNAs were upregulated for at least 2-fold, and 9 miRNAs were downregulated for at least 2-fold in CRCs. Upregulated miRNAs were miR-338-5p, miRPlus-C1114, miR-146a, miR-18a, miR-20b, miR-30c-2*, miRPlus-F1147, miR-17, miRPlus-E1136, miRPlus-E1188, miR-627, miR-221* and miR-223. Downregulated miRNAs were miR-486-5p, miRPlus-F1225, miR-124, miR-143, miR-518b, miRPlus-A1043, miRPlus-F1063, miRPlus-A1098 and miRPlus-F1066.
miR-223 is upregulated in human CRC
Since an interesting miRNA, miR-223, has been reported to be overexpressed in metastatic gastric cancer cells (30), we sought to analyze the function of miR-223 in CRC. To further confirm the upregulation of miR-223 in CRC, we performed quantitative real-time PCR in 90 paired CRC samples. The overexpression of miR-223 in CRC was identified with a significant P-value (P=0.0127; Fig. 1B). Furthermore, compared with CRC tissues from patients with low-grade CRC (Dukes A and B), high-grade (Dukes C and D) patient tissues presented an even higher miR-223 (P=0.0034; Fig. 1C). These results suggest that miR-223 plays an important role in CRC progression and functions as a potential biomarker for early screening and diagnosis.
Suppressing miR-223 expression reduces CRC cell proliferation and viability
To further test the function of miR-223 in CRC progression, we use chemically synthesized miR-223 inhibitor (anti-miR-223) to downregulate miR-223 expression in human CRC cell lines, Colo320 and LoVo. Over 96 h after transfection of anti-miR-223 in both Colo320 and LoVo cells, the WST-1 absorbance at 450 nm subtracting background absorbance at 630 nm did not increase and almost remained unchanged whereas over 2-fold increase was observed in the anti-miR-NC transfected cells (Fig. 2A), suggesting a decreased proliferation and viability upon suppression of miR-223. Consistent with the results in WST-1 assay, cells transfected with anti-miR-223 showed significantly fewer colonies than cells transfected with anti-miR-NC (P<0.001) (Fig. 2B).
Suppression of miR-223 inhibits migration and invasion of CRC cells
Since miR-223 has a higher level of tissues from high grade patients (Duke C and D) (Fig. 1C), suggesting a higher chance of metastasis, we used scratch wound healing assay and Transwell assay to evaluate cell migration and invasion ability.
Upon suppression of miR-223, both Colo320 and LoVo cells showed largely decreased motility and could not efficiently close the wound as anti-miR-NC transfected cells did over 48 h (Fig. 3). In addition to motility, after transfection of anti-miR-223, both Colo320 and LoVo cells showed less invasion ability through Matrigel coated Transwell compared with anti-miR-NC transfected cells (Fig. 4). These results suggest that suppression of miR-223 inhibits colon cancer cell migration and invasion.
Discussion
At present, although with a high mortality rate, upon detection of preneoplastic lesions with modern screening methods, the mortality and morbidity of CRC have modestly decreased and it has become a preventable disease (31). Yet, it is still insufficient to use present clinical and pathological parameters for early diagnosis or personalized treatment. As assessment of the microRNA (miRNA) genetic profile of colorectal cancer (CRC) and increasingly more miRNAs have been identified and characterized, they could serve as potential clinical biomarkers (14,32).
The present study, for the first time, identified miR-223 and verified its oncogenetic function in CRC tissue. Using miRNA array and quantitative real-time PCR, we identified miR-223 as a highly upregulated miRNA in CRC compared to adjacent non-tumorous tissue (Fig. 1A and B). In addition, in tissues from higher grade (Duke C and D) patients, miR-223 levels were significantly higher than from lower grade (Duke A and B) patients (Fig. 1C). These findings led us to explore the functional analysis of miR-223. Downregulation of miR-223 was able to significantly suppress proliferation (Fig. 2), migration (Fig. 3) and invasion (Fig. 4) of colon cancer cells.
Other than miR-223, several other miRNAs with significant different expression between CRC and normal tissue were also identified by miRNA array (Fig. 1). Consistent with previous reports, the expression of miR-17, miR-18 and miR-20 was significantly higher in CRC (33–35). Functional analysis showed miR-17 increases proliferation, invasion and migration of colon cancer cells (34,35). On the other hand, miR-143 is downregulated in CRC tissue, and functions as an inhibitor for the cancer progression of CRC through multiple targets (33,35–39).
By identifying these miRNAs, we could use miR-223 and other miRNAs as clinical biomarkers either by themselves or in combination with each other. It is possible that combining different miRNAs will give a more accurate clinical diagnosis.
Acknowledgements
We thank our colleagues for their insight and technical support. This study was supported by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (grant no. 81171447), and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (grant no. 8104518036002006310).
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