Manning G, Whyte DB, Martinez R, Hunter T and Sudarsanam S: The protein kinase complement of the human genome. Science. 298:1912–1934. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Hunter T: A thousand and one protein kinases. Cell. 50:823–829. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Cozza G, Meggio F and Moro S: The dark side of protein kinase CK2 inhibition. Curr Med Chem. 18:2867–2884. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wang G, Ahmad KA, Unger G, Slaton JW and Ahmed K: CK2 signaling in androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem. 99:382–391. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

St-Denis NA and Litchfield DW: Protein kinase CK2 in health and disease: From birth to death: the role of protein kinase CK2 in the regulation of cell proliferation and survival. Cell Mol Life Sci. 66:1817–1829. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ruzzene M and Pinna LA: Addiction to protein kinase CK2: A common denominator of diverse cancer cells? Biochim Biophys Acta. 1804:499–504. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Trembley JH, Wang G, Unger G, Slaton J and Ahmed K: Protein kinase CK2 in health and disease: CK2: a key player in cancer biology. Cell Mol Life Sci. 66:1858–1867. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ahmad KA, Wang G, Unger G, Slaton J and Ahmed K: Protein kinase CK2 - a key suppressor of apoptosis. Adv Enzyme Regul. 48:179–187. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Montenarh M: Protein kinase CK2 and angiogenesis. Adv Clin Exp Med. 23:153–158. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Montenarh M: Protein kinase CK2 in DNA damage and repair. Transl Cancer Res. 5:49–63. 2016.

Götz C and Montenarh M: Protein kinase CK2 in the ER stress response. Adv Biol Chem 3A. 1–5. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

Al Quobaili F and Montenarh M: CK2 and the regulation of the carbohydrate metabolism. Metabolism. 61:1512–1517. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Blanquet PR: Casein kinase 2 as a potentially important enzyme in the nervous system. Prog Neurobiol. 60:211–246. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Faust M and Montenarh M: Subcellular localization of protein kinase CK2. A key to its function? Cell Tissue Res. 301:329–340. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Raaf J, Brunstein E, Issinger OG and Niefind K: The interaction of CK2alpha and CK2beta, the subunits of protein kinase CK2, requires CK2beta in a preformed conformation and is enthalpically driven. Protein Sci. 17:2180–2186. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Meggio F, Boldyreff BS, Marin O, Pinna LA and Issinger OG: CK2: Role of the b- subunit on the stability and specificity of the recombinant reconstituted holoenzyme. Eur J Biochem. 204:293–297. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Meggio F, Boldyreff B, Marin O, Marchiori F, Perich JW, Issinger OG and Pinna LA: The effect of polylysine on casein-kinase-2 activity is influenced by both the structure of the protein/peptide substrates and the subunit composition of the enzyme. Eur J Biochem. 205:939–945. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Boldyreff B, Meggio F, Pinna LA and Issinger OG: Casein kinase-2 structure-function relationship: Creation of a set of mutants of the beta subunit that variably surrogate the wildtype beta subunit function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 188:228–234. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Rodriguez FA, Contreras C, BolanosGarcia V and Allende JE: Protein kinase CK2 as an ectokinase: The role of the regulatory CK2beta subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105:5693–5698. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Glover CV: A filamentous form of Drosophila casein kinase II. J Biol Chem. 261:14349–14354. 1986.PubMed/NCBI

Mamrack MD: Stimulation of enzymatic activity in filament preparations of casein kinase II by polylysine, melittin, and spermine. Mol Cell Biochem. 85:147–157. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Valero E, De Bonis S, Filhol O, Wade RH, Langowski J, Chambaz EM and Cochet C: Quaternary structure of casein kinase 2. Characterization of multiple oligomeric states and relation with its catalytic activity. J Biol Chem. 270:8345–8352. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Valero E, Chambaz EM and Cochet C: Modulation of the protein kinase CK2 activity by a synthetic peptide corresponding to the N-terminus of its beta regulatory subunit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 232:178–182. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Niefind K and Issinger OG: Primary and secondary interactions between CK2alpha and CK2beta lead to ring-like structures in the crystals of the CK2 holoenzyme. Mol Cell Biochem. 274:3–14. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Landesman-Bollag E, Belkina A, Hovey B, Connors E, Cox C and Seldin DC: Developmental and growth defects in mice with combined deficiency of CK2 catalytic genes. Mol Cell Biochem. 356:227–231. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Filhol O, Nueda A, Martel V, GerberScokaert D, Benitez MJ, Souchier C, Saoudi Y and Cochet C: Live-cell fluorescence imaging reveals the dynamics of protein kinase CK2 individual subunits. Mol Cell Biol. 23:975–987. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Filhol O, Martiel JL and Cochet C: Protein kinase CK2: A new view of an old molecular complex. EMBO Rep. 5:351–355. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bibby AC and Litchfield DW: The multiple personalities of the regulatory subunit of protein kinase CK2: CK2 dependent and CK2 independent roles reveal a secret identity for CK2beta. Int J Biol Sci. 1:67–79. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bolanos-Garcia VM, FernandezRecio J, Allende JE and Blundell TL: Identifying interaction motifs in CK2beta - a ubiquitous kinase regulatory subunit. Trends Biochem Sci. 31:654–661. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Montenarh M: Cellular regulators of protein kinase CK2. Cell Tissue Res. 342:139–146. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Lou DY, Dominguez I, Toselli P, LandesmanBollag E, O'Brien C and Seldin DC: The alpha catalytic subunit of protein kinase CK2 is required for mouse embryonic development. Mol Cell Biol. 28:131–139. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Dominguez I, Degano IR, Chea K, Cha J, Toselli P and Seldin DC: CK2α is essential for embryonic morphogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem. 356:209–216. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Buchou T, Vernet M, Blond O, Jensen HH, Pointu H, Olsen BB, Cochet C, Issinger OG and Boldyreff B: Disruption of the regulatory beta subunit of protein kinase CK2 in mice leads to a cell-autonomous defect and early embryonic lethality. Mol Cell Biol. 23:908–915. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Alvarez LM, RevueltaCervantes J and Dominguez I: CK2 in embryonic development. in Protein kinase CK2Pinna LA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Ames, Chichester, Oxford: pp. 129–168. 2013

Schneider HR, Reichert GH and Issinger OG: Enhanced casein kinase II activity during mouse embryogenesis. Identification of a 110-kDa phosphoprotein as the major phosphorylation product in mouse embryos and Krebs II mouse ascites tumor cells. Eur J Biochem. 161:733–738. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Perez M, Grande J and Itarte E: Developmental changes in rat hepatic casein kinases 1 and 2. Eur J Biochem. 170:493–498. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Maridor G, Park W, Krek W and Nigg EA: Casein kinase II. cDNA sequences, developmental expression, and tissue distribution of mRNAs for alpha, alpha', and beta subunits of the chicken enzyme. J Biol Chem. 266:2362–2368. 1991.PubMed/NCBI

Mestres P, Boldyreff B, Ebensperger C, Hameister H and Issinger OG: Expression of casein kinase 2 during mouse embryogenesis. Acta Anat (Basel). 149:13–20. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wirkner U and Pyerin W: CK2alpha loci in the human genome: Structure and transcriptional activity. Mol Cell Biochem. 191:59–64. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Escalier D, Silvius D and Xu X: Spermatogenesis of mice lacking CK2alpha': Failure of germ cell survival and characteristic modifications of the spermatid nucleus. Mol Reprod Dev. 66:190–201. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Blond O, Jensen HH, Buchou T, Cochet C, Issinger OG and Boldyreff B: Knocking out the regulatory beta subunit of protein kinase CK2 in mice: Gene dosage effects in ES cells and embryos. Mol Cell Biochem. 274:31–37. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Huillard E, Ziercher L, Blond O, Wong M, Deloulme JC, Souchelnytskyi S, Baudier J, Cochet C and Buchou T: Disruption of CK2beta in embryonic neural stem cells compromises proliferation and oligodendrogenesis in the mouse telencephalon. Mol Cell Biol. 30:2737–2749. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ziercher L, Filhol O, Laudet B, Prudent R, Cochet C and Buchou T: Structure-function analysis of the beta regulatory subunit of protein kinase CK2 by targeting embryonic stem cell. Mol Cell Biochem. 356:75–81. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Díaz-Nido J, Mizuno K, Nawa H and Marshak DR: Regulation of protein kinase CK2 isoform expression during rat brain development. Cell Mol Biol Res. 40:581–585. 1994.PubMed/NCBI

Avila J, Ulloa L, González J, Moreno F and Díaz-Nido J: Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins by protein kinase CK2 in neuritogenesis. Cell Mol Biol Res. 40:573–579. 1994.PubMed/NCBI

Moreno FJ, Díaz-Nido J, Jiménez JS and Avila J: Distribution of CK2, its substrate MAP1B and phosphatases in neuronal cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 191:201–205. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Nuthall HN, Husain J, McLarren KW and Stifani S: Role for Hes1-induced phosphorylation in Groucho-mediated transcriptional repression. Mol Cell Biol. 22:389–399. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Gratton MO, Torban E, Jasmin SB, Theriault FM, German MS and Stifani S: Hes6 promotes cortical neurogenesis and inhibits Hes1 transcription repression activity by multiple mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol. 23:6922–6935. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Nuthall HN, Joachim K and Stifani S: Phosphorylation of serine 239 of Groucho/TLE1 by protein kinase CK2 is important for inhibition of neuronal differentiation. Mol Cell Biol. 24:8395–8407. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Jans DA, Xiao CY and Lam MH: Nuclear targeting signal recognition: A key control point in nuclear transport? BioEssays. 22:532–544. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kuhn HG, Winkler J, Kempermann G, Thal LJ and Gage FH: Epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2 have different effects on neural progenitors in the adult rat brain. J Neurosci. 17:5820–5829. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

Bonnet H, Filhol O, Truchet I, Brethenou P, Cochet C, Amalric F and Bouche G: Fibroblast growth factor-2 binds to the regulatory beta subunit of CK2 and directly stimulates CK2 activity toward nucleolin. J Biol Chem. 271:24781–24787. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Jessberger S, Gage FH, Eisch AJ and Lagace DC: Making a neuron: Cdk5 in embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Trends Neurosci. 32:575–582. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Lim ACB, Hou Z, Goh CP and Qi RZ: Protein kinase CK2 is an inhibitor of the neuronal Cdk5 kinase. J Biol Chem. 279:46668–46673. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Viñals F, Reiriz J, Ambrosio S, Bartrons R, Rosa JL and Ventura F: BMP-2 decreases Mash1 stability by increasing Id1 expression. EMBO J. 23:3527–3537. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Karakas E, Regan MC and Furukawa H: Emerging structural insights into the function of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Trends Biochem Sci. 40:328–337. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Cull-Candy SG and Leszkiewicz DN: Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Sci STKE. 2004:re16–re2004. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

Chung HJ, Huang YH, Lau LF and Huganir RL: Regulation of the NMDA receptor complex and trafficking by activity-dependent phosphorylation of the NR2B subunit PDZ ligand. J Neurosci. 24:10248–10259. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sanz-Clemente A, Matta JA, Isaac JT and Roche KW: Casein kinase 2 regulates the NR2 subunit composition of synaptic NMDA receptors. Neuron. 67:984–996. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sommercorn J and Krebs EG: Induction of casein kinase II during differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. J Biol Chem. 262:3839–3843. 1987.PubMed/NCBI

Wilhelm N, Kostelnik K, Götz C and Montenarh M: Protein kinase CK2 is implicated in early steps of the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into adipocytes. Mol Cell Biochem. 365:37–45. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Schwind L, Wilhelm N, Kartarius S, Montenarh M, Gorjup E and Götz C: Protein kinase CK2 is necessary for the adipogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1853 (10 Pt A). 2207–2216. 2015.

Schwind L, Zimmer AD, Götz C and Montenarh M: CK2 phosphorylation of C/EBPδ regulates its transcription factor activity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 61:81–89. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Meruvu S, Hugendubler L and Mueller E: Regulation of adipocyte differentiation by the zinc finger protein ZNF638. J Biol Chem. 286:26516–26523. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Almalki SG and Agrawal DK: Key transcription factors in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Differentiation. 92:41–51. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Miller PJ, Dietz KN and Hollenbach AD: Identification of serine 205 as a site of phosphorylation on Pax3 in proliferating but not differentiating primary myoblasts. Protein Sci. 17:1979–1986. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Dietz KN, Miller PJ and Hollenbach AD: Phosphorylation of serine 205 by the protein kinase CK2 persists on Pax3-FOXO1, but not Pax3, throughout early myogenic differentiation. Biochemistry. 48:11786–11795. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Iyengar AS, Loupe JM, Miller PJ and Hollenbach AD: Identification of CK2 as the kinase that phosphorylates Pax3 at Ser209 in early myogenic differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 428:24–30. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Johnson SE, Wang X, Hardy S, Taparowsky EJ and Konieczny SF: Casein kinase II increases the transcriptional activities of MRF4 and MyoD independently of their direct phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol. 16:1604–1613. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Winter B, Kautzner I, Issinger OG and Arnold HH: Two putative protein kinase CK2 phosphorylation sites are important for Myf-5 activity. Biol Chem. 378:1445–1456. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Dick SA, Chang NC, Dumont NA, Bell RA, Putinski C, Kawabe Y, Litchfield DW, Rudnicki MA and Megeney LA: Caspase 3 cleavage of Pax7 inhibits self-renewal of satellite cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 112:E5246–E5252. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Turowec JP, Duncan JS, Gloor GB and Litchfield DW: Regulation of caspase pathways by protein kinase CK2: Identification of proteins with overlapping CK2 and caspase consensus motifs. Mol Cell Biochem. 356:159–167. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kathrein KL, Lorenz R, Innes AM, Griffiths E and Winandy S: Ikaros induces quiescence and T-cell differentiation in a leukemia cell line. Mol Cell Biol. 25:1645–1654. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Gómez-del Arco P, Maki K and Georgopoulos K: Phosphorylation controls Ikaros's ability to negatively regulate the G(1)-S transition. Mol Cell Biol. 24:2797–2807. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Son E, Do H, Joo HM and Pyo S: Induction of alkaline phosphatase activity by L-ascorbic acid in human osteoblastic cells: A potential role for CK2 and Ikaros. Nutrition. 23:745–753. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Son YH, Moon SH and Kim J: The protein kinase 2 inhibitor CX-4945 regulates osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Mol Cells. 36:417–423. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Siddiqui-Jain A, Drygin D, Streiner N, Chua P, Pierre F, O'Brien SE, Bliesath J, Omori M, Huser N, Ho C, et al: CX-4945, an orally bioavailable selective inhibitor of protein kinase CK2, inhibits prosurvival and angiogenic signaling and exhibits antitumor efficacy. Cancer Res. 70:10288–10298. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bragdon B, Thinakaran S, Moseychuk O, King D, Young K, Litchfield DW, Petersen NO and Nohe A: Casein kinase 2 beta-subunit is a regulator of bone morphogenetic protein 2 signaling. Biophys J. 99:897–904. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bragdon B, Thinakaran S, Moseychuk O, Gurski L, Bonor J, Price C, Wang L, Beamer WG and Nohe A: Casein kinase 2 regulates in vivo bone formation through its interaction with bone morphogenetic protein receptor type Ia. Bone. 49:944–954. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Moseychuk O, Akkiraju H, Dutta J, D'Angelo A, Bragdon B, Duncan RL and Nohe A: Inhibition of CK2 binding to BMPRIa induces C2C12 differentiation into osteoblasts and adipocytes. J Cell Commun Signal. 7:265–278. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Akkiraju H, Bonor J and Nohe A: CK2.1, a novel peptide, induces articular cartilage formation in vivo. J Orthop Res. Jun 17–2016.(Epub ahead of print). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Akkiraju H, Bonor J, Olli K, Bowen C, Bragdon B, Coombs H, Donahue LR, Duncan R and Nohe A: Systemic injection of CK2.3, a novel peptide acting downstream of bone morphogenetic protein receptor BMPRIa, leads to increased trabecular bone mass. J Orthop Res. 33:208–215. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Franceschi RT and Iyer BS: Relationship between collagen synthesis and expression of the osteoblast phenotype in MC3T3-E1 cells. J Bone Miner Res. 7:235–246. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Georgopoulos K, Winandy S and Avitahl N: The role of the Ikaros gene in lymphocyte development and homeostasis. Annu Rev Immunol. 15:155–176. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Dovat S, Song C, Payne KJ and Li Z: Ikaros, CK2 kinase, and the road to leukemia. Mol Cell Biochem. 356:201–207. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Song C, Li Z, Erbe AK, Savic A and Dovat S: Regulation of Ikaros function by casein kinase 2 and protein phosphatase 1. World J Biol Chem. 2:126–131. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Channavajhala P and Seldin DC: Functional interaction of protein kinase CK2 and c-Myc in lymphomagenesis. Oncogene. 21:5280–5288. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kelliher MA, Seldin DC and Leder P: Tal-1 induces T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia accelerated by casein kinase IIalpha. EMBO J. 15:5160–5166. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

Landesman-Bollag E, Channavajhala PL, Cardiff RD and Seldin DC: p53 deficiency and misexpression of protein kinase CK2alpha collaborate in the development of thymic lymphomas in mice. Oncogene. 16:2965–2974. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Seldin DC and Leder P: Casein kinase II alpha transgene-induced murine lymphoma: Relation to theileriosis in cattle. Science. 267:894–897. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Avitahl N, Winandy S, Friedrich C, Jones B, Ge Y and Georgopoulos K: Ikaros sets thresholds for T cell activation and regulates chromosome propagation. Immunity. 10:333–343. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ulges A, Klein M, Reuter S, Gerlitzki B, Hoffmann M, Grebe N, Staudt V, Stergiou N, Bohn T, Brühl TJ, et al: Protein kinase CK2 enables regulatory T cells to suppress excessive T_H2 responses in vivo. Nat Immunol. 16:267–275. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ulges A, Witsch EJ, Pramanik G, Klein M, Birkner K, Bühler U, Wasser B, Luessi F, Stergiou N, Dietzen S, et al: Protein kinase CK2 governs the molecular decision between encephalitogenic T_H17 cell and T_reg cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 113:10145–10150. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Intemann J, Saidu NEB, Schwind L and Montenarh M: ER stress signaling in ARPE-19 cells after inhibition of protein kinase CK2 by CX-4945. Cell Signal. 26:1567–1575. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI