Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm accompanied by invasive carcinoma of the pancreas: A case report and review of the literature
- Authors:
- Published online on: April 10, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2017.1216
- Pages: 676-682
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Copyright: © Niu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN) is a type of intraductal epithelial tumor of the pancreas (1,2). ITPNs are located in pancreatic ducts and arise from the pancreatic ductal epithelium. However, the lesions that originate in pancreatic ducts may be quite complex. Based on the intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), the new term or classification for this intraductal epithelial tumor of the pancreas was ITPN. ITPNs displaying highly heteromorphic hyperplasia may be distinguished from IPMNs by gross morphology, clinicopathological characteristics and immunophenotype. Due to the rarity and lower incidence of ITPNs, which only represent 0.4% of all pancreatic tumors, the available data on the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of this type of tumor are limited (1). The aim of the present study was to analyze the clinicopathological, immunophenotypic and molecular genetic characteristics of ITPNs to gain a better insight into this disease entity.
Case report
In October, 2015, a 38-year-old man presented to the Zhongnan Hospital (Wuhan, China) without any prior medical history of tiredness, anorexia, flatulence or abnormal findings on urinalysis. The physical examination was unremarkable, with the exception of mild jaundice of the sclerae. The results of the laboratory analysis were as follows: Total bilirubin, 125.9 µmol/l (normal range, 3.4–17.1 µmol/l); conjugated bilirubin, 77.8 µmol/l (normal range, 0–6 µmol/l); unconjugated bilirubin (normal range, 1.7–10.2 µmol/l), 48.1 µmol/l; alanine aminotransferase, 261 U/l (normal range, 0–40 U/l); aspartate aminotransferase, 93 U/l (normal range, 0–45 U/l); γ-glutamyl transpetidase, 1,486 U/l (normal range, 0–50 U/l); alkaline phosphatase, 180 U/l (normal range, 40–160 U/l); and total bile acid, 299.6 µmol/l (normal range, 0–10 µmol/l). These abnormal biochemical indicators suggested obstructive jaundice. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a low-attenuation mass, sized 42×40 mm, located in the head of the pancreas. Patchy and heterogeneous shadowing of the portal artery and vein was accompanied by partial capsule-like rim enhancement of the surrounding tissue (Fig. 1A). There was no evidence of lymphadenectasis or metastasis to other organs, including the liver and lung. The intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and the main pancreatic duct were clearly dilated, with obvious atrophy of the pancreatic parenchyma (Fig. 1A). Consequently, classical pancreatoduodenectomy was performed, accompanied with cholecystectomy. Macroscopically, a solid tumor sized 42×40×20 mm was identified in the head of the pancreas, with unclear borders. On cross-section the tumor was solid, gray and brown, and accompanied by cavitation, hemorrhage and necrosis. Mucin production was not observed in the tumor specimens.
The tumor specimens were fixed in a 4% solution of neutral formaldehyde. Following dehydration, the fixed specimens were embedded in paraffin and cut into 3–4-µm sections. The technique of EnVision Immunity immunohistochemical staining (ZSGB-BIO Co., Beijing, China) was applied with automated instrumentation. The antibodies in the EnVision staining procedure included antibodies targeted against cytokeratin (CK) (ZM-0069; mouse; dilution, 1:100), mucin (MUC) 1 and MUC2 (ZM-0391 and ZM-0392, respectively; mouse; dilution, 1:100), carcinoembryonic antigen (ZM-0062; mouse; dilution, 1:100), CD56 (ZM-0057; mouse; dilution, 1:100), chromogranin A (CgA) (ZM-0076; mouse; dilution, 1:100) and Ki-67 (ZM-0166; mouse; dilution, 1:100). All the antibodies were purchased from ZSGB-BIO. Detailed operating procedures were conducted according to the manufacturer's instructions. The resultant black and brown granules in the cells were considered as a positive reaction.
Microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis and fluorogenic quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods were applied to detect the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) and P53 gene mutations. Detailed operative procedures were conducted according to the manufacturer's instructions and standard operating procedures.
Discussion
An electronic search was performed through PubMed (National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA) and the Chinese Periodical Database (search date up to and including June 6, 2016) for ITPN cases. In total, 44 English and 3 Chinese articles were identified using the key words ‘intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms’. After screening, which involved the deletion of significantly irrelevant information, 36 ITPN cases and 50 random cases of IPMN were selected.
Microscopically, the morphological characteristics of the tumor was basophilic cuboidal cells of uniform size in the pancreatic ducts, mostly arranged in a tubular and papillary pattern. The tumor cells were cuboidal, with intense nuclear staining and obvious presence of a nucleolus, exhibiting moderate dysplasia. The majority of the tumor cells were arranged in a cribriform or back-to-back pattern; additionally, normal pancreatic intraductal epithelium was clearly seen. The tubular glands were also closely packed, without secretion of mucin (Fig. 1B and D). The neoplastic cells had partially invaded the smooth muscle wall of the duodenum and were found proliferating around the small blood vessels and extending into the connective tissue (Fig. 1C).
Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of the tumors showed positive reactions for CK and MUC1 and a partially positive reaction for vimentin, but not MUC2. The Ki-67 index was 20%, indicating proliferative activity (Fig. 2). However, staining for CD56 and CgA was negative in the tumor specimens (Fig. 3).
MSI analysis revealed microsatellite stability (Fig. 4A); however, no gene mutations were detected for EGFR, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF and phosphoinositide-3-kinase, catalytic subunit α (Fig. 4B). In an alternate mechanistic pathway of tumor generation and associated mechanisms, immunohistochemical staining showed positive protein expression staining patterns for P53 of ~50% (data not shown) and P53 gene mutation analysis revealed a base mutation, namely a substitution of A with T in the 2,030 position of the exon 9 DNA sequence of the P53 gene in this tumor (Fig. 4C).
A comprehensive analysis that included the present case and other ITPN cases that were previously reported in the literature, suggested that there was immunoreactivity for CK and MUC1 in tumor specimens. A number of cases clearly expressed P53; by contrast, MUC2 and MUC5AC were not expressed (Table I). In addition, some cases exhibited mutations in both the KRAS and P53 genes (Table I).
A large body of the literature has previously demonstrated that tumor tissues in IPMN were mainly located in the duct, exhibiting a papillary arrangement. The branches of the papillary formation are intricate, and serve a function akin to sieves. Most cells in IPMN are mucous epithelial cells, including goblet cells, whereas only few cells are eosinophilic epithelial or cuboidal epithelial (pancreatic duct type epithelium). Among 50 randomly selected patients with IPMN (defined according to the WHO classification of digestive system tumors in 2010) 21 patients had low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, 9 had high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and 20 had invasive cancer. The clinicopathological characteristics differentiating IPMN and ITPN are summarized in Table II.
ITPN accounts for ~0.4% of pancreatic tumors, and it is a rare pancreatic neoplasm with few reported cases investigating its clinical and molecular pathology (3). Due to the low incidence rate of ITPN, its diagnosis is often delayed and differential diagnosis may be challenging. The present study demonstrated a wide age range at onset for ITPN (35–82 years), with a median age of 55 years (2). There was no particular gender predilection (2). The majority of the patients exhibited mild clinical symptoms, such as abdominal pain, vomiting, weight loss and jaundice among others. In the laboratory examinations, the blood biochemical parameters and tumor markers had no clinical specificity. CT and MRI examinations revealed the pancreatic duct lesions. The most common site was the pancreatic head, accounting for 50%, followed by the pancreatic body (34%); the least common site was the pancreatic tail, accounting for only 15%.
ITPN is an intraductal neoplasm that is accompanied by high-grade dysplasia. The gross pathological characteristics include uniform solid nodular polyps in the dilated pancreatic duct, with absence of mucin production (4). The size of the tumor is ~0.5–15 cm, and the pancreatic tissue surrounding the tumor is usually solid and hardened (4). Parts of the tumor exhibit tubular or back-to-back gland-like formations. In terms of morphology, the tumors display a sieve-like appearance rather than papillary formations in the pancreatic ducts. The tumor cells are cuboidal with a deeply stained nucleus, without mucus secretion in the cytoplasm. The proportion of patients with accompanying invasive carcinoma is ~40%.
Immunohistochemical analysis is helpful in diagnosing ITPNs. CK is an important marker differentiating the origin of the cell, as it is positive in tissues of epithelial origin. In the case reported herein, the immunohistochemical staining for CK was found to be positive, which confirmed that the neoplasm originated from the pancreatic duct epithelium (5). On this basis, other immunohistochemical targets have been used to distinguish the tumor origins, and included expression of MUC1 and MUC2, which are members of a family of high molecular weight proteins (5). Moreover, MUC1 encoded transmembrane mucin proteins and MUC2 encoded secretory mucin proteins. Previous case reports suggested that the tumors originated from pancreatic ductal epithelium when they stained positive for MUC1; however, MUC2-positive staining usually suggests that the tumor most likely arises from ampullary or colorectal tissues (5,6). Therefore, in the case report presented herein, the CK-positive, MUC1-positive and MUC2-negative expression confirmed the ductal epithelial origin of the tumor.
The monoclonal antibody Ki-67 is an important marker in cell cycle analysis, reflecting the proliferative activity of the carcinoma (7). The expression of Ki-67 provides an important reference in distinguishing benign from malignant tumors. The Ki-67 index is associated with the histological grade of the tumor and patient prognosis, i.e., the higher the Ki-67 index, the higher the histological grade of the tumor and, thus, the poorer is the prognosis. In benign tumors of the pancreas, the Ki-67 index is usually <2%. In our patient, the Ki-67 index was 20%, which suggests a neoplastic tumor with low histological grade.
Subsequently, additional analyses were performed to exclude pancreatic endocrine tumors through the expression of CD56, CgA and vimentin. CD56 is a neural cell adhesion factor, which mainly characterizes tumors of neuroectodermal origin and is expressed by a number of endocrine tumors (8). Cg is divided into three subtypes, namely A, B and C, which comprise a group of soluble acidic proteins. CgA is most widely distributed in endocrine cells containing secretory granules and carcinomas of endocrine origin (9). Thus, CgA is currently used as an endocrine tumor marker. Vimentin is a marker of normal mesenchymal cells, which is also expressed in some epithelial cells or epithelial tumors (5). A number of pancreatic endocrine carcinomas are positive for the expression of CgA and CD56, but not necessarily vimentin. Therefore, the expression of vimentin, CD56 and CgA, suggests that the neoplastic origin in this case was not endocrine. CDX2 is a protein that is composed of 311 amino acids, containing a short sequence-specific binding region (10). Approximately 95% of colon or rectal carcinomas are CDX2-positive. However, MUC2 and CDX2 were not expressed in the intestinal epithelial specimens in the case reported herein.
According to previous studies, the EGFR pathway, including downstream proteins such as KRAS, NRAS and BRAF, is a common signal transduction pathway in digestive system tumors (11). EGFR is a type of glycoprotein, which belongs to the tyrosine kinase receptor family. Abnormal expression of EGFR is closely associated with proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis and apoptosis of tumor cells (12). Under normal physiological conditions, the functional expression of the KRAS protein is rapidly inactivated following stimulation by EGFR. However, mutation of the KRAS gene leads to its sustained activation, as well as of the EGFR gene, which promotes tumor cell proliferation (13). Detection of KRAS gene mutations is clinically important as it plays an important role in identifying the specific characteristics of the tumor, and may help elucidate the process underlying the development of various cancers and administer the appropriate chemotherapy in clinical practice. In addition, RAF is activated by its upstream activator protein RAS, which binds to the Raf-1N-terminal. The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway is one of the most important signal transduction pathways, as it is involved in several cellular physiological functions and also plays an important role in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of a number of diseases (14). In this study, mutational analyses did not reveal any DNA sequence mutation in the common exons of EGFR, KRAS, NRAS or BRAF genes, indicating that the pathogenesis of ITPN is likely not related to the EGFR pathway.
P53 is a tumor suppressor gene, and P53 mutations occur in ~50% of all malignant tumors (15). The P53 protein is one of the transcription factors that regulates the cell cycle. Similar to all other tumor suppressor genes, the P53 gene plays a role in monitoring cell division under steady-state conditions (16). The P53 gene inhibits malignant transformation, determines the extent of variation of cellular DNA sequences and induces cellular repair by itself if the extent of cell damage is mild; by contrast, the P53 gene may induce apoptosis if the extent of cell damage is considerable (17).
Under conditions of mutation, the proper function of P53 is lost, as has been observed across a wide variety of mutations in a number of different tumors. The P53 gene is associated with 50% of human cancers, such as cancers of the liver, breast, bladder, gastric tissues, colon and prostate gland (18). The site of the P53 mutation in human cancer is usually found in the highly conserved regions that include positions 175, 248, 249, 282 and 273. However, the different types of P53 mutations found in tumors at different mutation sites, as is commonly found in colon and breast cancer, have a similar epidemiology. However, the P53 mutation spectrum is not consistent across tumor types. In the case reported herein, positive expression of P53 and DNA sequence analysis of the P53 gene introduced at a novel idea for the therapy of ITPN, which dominantly features P53 tumor gene therapy as a promising starting point that may offer new hope for combating ITPN.
Of note, IPMN may be confused with ITPN due to its similar morphology and clinical symptoms, such as jaundice and epigastric pain. However, the main characteristics of IPMN are mucin production that is accompanied by obvious ductal dilation, and the presence of mucous columnar epithelium, which are not present in ITPN. Moreover, serous cystadenoma (SCA), also referred to as microcystic adenoma, exhibited similarities to ITPN in terms of histological patterns. However, SCA often occurs in the pancreatic body or tail, the diameter of the tumor on cross-section is 1–2 mm and it is filled with a colorless fluid that differentiates it from ITPN.
Acknowledgements
The present study was supported by the Natural Foundation of Hubei Province (grant no. 2013CFB267) and the Wuhan Science and Technology Key Project (grant no. 2013060602010248).
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