Clinical value of CagA, c‑Met, PI3K and Beclin‑1 expressed in gastric cancer and their association with prognosis
- Authors:
- Published online on: November 13, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7394
- Pages: 947-955
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Copyright: © Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
In February 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) released the 2014 World Cancer Report (1). The report included the estimation that in 2012, there were 14 million new cases of cancer and 8.2 million cancer-associated mortalities worldwide, of which 21.9 and 26.8%, respectively, occurred in China. Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common type of malignant tumor worldwide and causes the second largest number of mortalities (2). Every year, ~1 million individuals are diagnosed with GC, including ~42% of patients with cancer in China (3). According to the WHO data, there were 404,996 newly diagnosed patients with GC in China in 2012. The number of relatively young patients with GC is gradually increasing (3). According to clinical and epidemiological studies, the incidence of GC is as high as 6–11% among 35-year-olds, as much as three times higher than rates reported in other countries (3). GC-associated mortality rates appear to be trending downwards; however, the GC 5-year survival rate is 30–57.1% in China, causing ~300,000 lives to be lost every year (2,4,5).
Gastric tumorigenesis is a multistep and multifactorial process involving genetic, regional, environmental and dietary factors. The International Agency for Research on Cancer confirmed that Helicobacter pylori infection was the most significant risk factor for GC in 2012 (6). H. pylori-mediated GC progression is dependent on the bacterial components expressed, including urease enzymes, adhesins, cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A. CagA-positive H. pylori strains contain a functional type IV secretion system (TFSS) to facilitate the transfer of bacterial products into host cells (7). Inside the host cell, CagA localizes to the inner surface of the plasma membrane, disrupts cell-cell junctions and undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation interactions from a number of host proteins (8,9). CagA is the only identified protein to be delivered through the TFSS into epithelial cells (5). Previous studies have demonstrated that individuals infected with CagA-positive H. pylori strains present increased inflammation and have a higher risk of developing peptic ulcer disease and GC (10–12).
The receptor for hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, c-Met, is a receptor tyrosine kinase with a well-documented participation in cell invasion (13–16). H. pylori induces an invasive phenotype in gastric epithelial cells through a mechanism that requires the TFSS and the phosphorylation of c-Met. Churin et al (17) reported that c-Met was phosphorylated in response to co-culture with CagA-positive H. pylori; however, the study did not elucidate the mechanism for c-Met activation. The phosphorylation of c-Met can activate the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway, which suppress autophagy, and promotes tumor cell invasion and the expression of oncogenes. Akt-mediated regulation of autophagy and tumorigenesis is achieved through Beclin-1 phosphorylation (18). Previous studies have suggested that the c-Met/PI3K signaling pathway is particularly active in tumors of the salivary glands, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer and cervical cancer (19–22). Whether the c-Met/PI3K signaling pathway and the associated suppression of autophagy are involved in CagA-positive H. pylori infection-associated GC has yet to be established.
In the present study, a systematic immunohistochemical analysis of CagA, c-Met, PI3K and Beclin-1 expression in GC tissues was performed. Subsequently, the association between c-Met, PI3K and Beclin-1 expression with clinicopathological factors and CagA-positive H. pylori infection-associated GC was assessed. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) time data were analyzed to describe the prognostic implications of c-Met, PI3K, Beclin-1 and CagA expression.
Materials and methods
Tissue specimens
A total of 121 patients with GC were included in the study, including 71 males and 50 females; the patients were aged 34–79 years, with a mean age of 61 years. An additional 120 healthy individuals, to provide normal tissue controls acquired by gastroscopy, were enrolled in the present study. The healthy individuals included 60 male and 60 female volunteers aged between 30 and 66 years. The GC tissue specimens (≥5 cm from the tumor tissue) were collected from resective surgery in the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College (Xuzhou, China) from June 2008 to June 2010. Tissue specimens were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. Patients who had received preoperative chemotherapy, radiotherapy or other treatments were excluded from inclusion in the study, as were those with a family history of GC, or associated inflammatory disease.
All specimens were pathologically verified by the Department of Pathology at Xuzhou Medical College. Tumor staging was classified according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer GC TNM staging system (7th edition) (23). DFS was defined as the period between surgery and the day that GC recurrence was first detected. When there was no detected recurrence, the date of patient mortality or last follow-up was used. OS was defined as the period between surgery and the date of patient mortality. The total follow-up period was 5 years after the surgery for the primary lesion. Data including gender, age, histological grade and stage were retrieved from surgical and pathological records.
Informed consent was obtained from all individuals enrolled in the study, and the Xuzhou Medical College Ethics Committee provided ethical approval for the study.
Tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry
The formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded 4 µm-thick tissue samples were deparaffinized in xylene (twice for 10 min), rehydrated in a graded series of ethanol (100, 95, 90, 80 and 75% for 5 min each) and rinsed with tap water.
To produce a tissue microarray, hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to differentiate carcinoma tissue from the surrounding tissue. A total of 3 sites, which were considered typical cancerous gland tissues, were selected by two pathologists of Xuzhou Medical College (Xuzhou, China) from each sample for inclusion in the tissue microarray. The tissue microarray preparation instrument was the MiniCore Tissue Arrayer (ALPHELYS, Plaisir, France), which was used with a 1.0 mm sampling needle diameter and 2.0 mm core spacing in a 10×7 organization of 70 sites, in each of 9 tissue chip wax blocks. Each tissue array block was incubated at 52°C to integrate for 2 h, then stored at 4°C until later use.
Immunohistochemical studies for CagA, c-Met, PI3K and Beclin-1 were performed on 4 µm-thick tissue sections by machine (Roche Benchmark XT) using the streptavidin-peroxidase method. Antigen retrieval was performed in a microwave at pH 6 for 3 min at 80°C and 3 min at 50°C. The activity of endogenous peroxidases was blocked through incubation with 3% hydrogen peroxidase at room temperature for 20 min. Primary antibodies, consisting of rabbit monoclonal antibodies against CagA (dilution, 1:50; cat. no., sc-25766; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA), c-Met (dilution, 1:100; cat. no., ab51067; Abcam, Shanghai, China), PI3K (dilution, 1:25; cat. no., ab86714; Abcam) and Beclin-1 (dilution, 1:100; cat. no., ab55878; Abcam), were incubated with the tissue sections at 4°C overnight. Incubation with the alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ZB-2308; ZSGB-BIO Technology, CO., Ltd., Beijing, China) was performed for 15 min at 37°C. The sections were developed with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine solution (Maxim Biotech, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA) for 2 min at room temperature and counterstained with hematoxylin. The tissues were then rinsed with PBS for 5 min and differentiated with 0.1% HCl in alcohol at room temperature for 10 sec. Finally, the sections were dehydrated, cleared and mounted.
Immunohistochemical scoring
Sections were observed with a light microscope at ×200 magnification (DM2500; Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germany) and representative images were captured. Immunostaining was classified according to its location (membrane, cytoplasm or nucleus). Immunoreactivity for CagA, c-Met, PI3K or Beclin-1 were defined by the presence of yellow cytoplasm staining. No evaluation of staining intensity was used in the present study; only the percentage of tumor cells was assessed (0–100%) for each sample, by counting the frequency of stained cells in five high-power fields (magnification, ×400), each containing ~100 cells. The percentage of immunoreactive tumor cells was scored on a scale of 0–4: 0, no staining; 1+, 1–10%; 2+, 11–30%; 3+, 31–50%; 4+, ≥50%). The expression levels for each protein were divided into two groups, according to score: Low (1+, 2+) and high (3+, 4+). The slides were assessed independently by two pathologists who were blinded to the clinical and outcome data. In the case of divergent results, the two pathologists worked together to review the slides until a consensus was reached.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 19.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The association between the expression of CagA, c-Met, PI3K and Beclin-1 with the clinicopathological variables of patients was analyzed by Pearson's χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the DFS and OS rate. Differences in DFS and OS rate were analyzed with the log-rank test. OS and DFS time were analyzed with the Cox proportional hazards model, including hazard ratios (HRs) between prognostic groups, and the associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Correlation between CagA expression with the expression of c-Met, PI3K and Beclin-1 were analyzed by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (Rs). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
C-Met, PI3K, Beclin-1 and CagA expression in normal gastric mucosae and GC tissues
In general, absent or weak staining of c-Met was indicated in the gastric mucosa of the 120 non-tumor control samples, compared with relatively high immunoreactivity in the 121 GC samples. A total of 82 of the 121 GC samples (67.8%) exhibited positive c-Met expression, including 21 with high expression (4+, 7; 3+, 14) and 61 with low expression (2+, 28; 1+, 33), whereas there were 20 positive samples in non-tumor controls, including 11 with low expression (2+, 6; 1+, 5) and 9 with high expression (4+, 4; 3+, 5; 16.7%; P<0.001; Table I; Fig. 1A and B).
 | Table I.Expression of c-Met, PI3K, Beclin-1 and CagA in gastric cancer and normal gastric mucosa tissues. |
Similar to c-Met, PI3K expression was generally absent or extremely weak in normal gastric mucosae and relatively high in GC tissue. PI3K expression was identified in 90 of 121 GC samples (74.4%) and 32 of 120 normal samples (26.7%). High levels of PI3K expression were detected in 29 cases of GC (24.0%; 4+, 12; 3+, 17) and low levels in 61 cases (2+, 23; 1+, 38; P<0.001; Table I; Fig. 1C and D). High levels of PI3K expression were detected in 20 cases of normal samples (62.5%; 4+, 8; 3+, 12) and low levels were observed in 12 cases (2+, 7; 1+, 5).
Compared with normal mucosa tissues (96/120, 80%), of which 45 exhibited a high level of Beclin-1 expression (4+, 19; 3+, 26) and 51 demonstrated a low level of Beclin-1 expression (2+, 29; 1+, 22), the expression of Beclin-1 was detected in a low proportion of GC samples (53/121, 43.8%; P=0.001). A total of 23 cases in GC exhibited a high level of Beclin-1 expression (4+, 9; 3+, 14) and low expression was exhibited in 30 cases (2+, 17; 1+, 13; Table I; Fig. 1E and F).
CagA expression was significantly more likely in GC tissue, as 86 of the 121 GC tissue samples (71.1%) exhibited positive CagA expression, including 27 with high expression (4+, 9; 3+, 18) and 59 with low expression (2+, 30; 1+, 29), whereas 54 normal gastric mucosa tissue samples exhibited positive expression, including 27 with high expression (4+, 10; 3+, 17) and 27 with low expression (2+, 19; 1+, 8; 45%; P<0.001; Table I; Fig. 1G and H).
Clinicopathological significance of c-Met/PI3K/Beclin-1/CagA expression
The associations between the levels of c-Met, PI3K, Beclin-1 and CagA expression and clinicopathological characteristics are reported in Table II. The high expression of c-Met was associated with lymphatic metastasis (P=0.011) and the TNM stage of GC (P=0.011). High levels of CagA and PI3K were associated with the depth of tumor invasion (P=0.004 and P=0.037, respectively), lymphatic metastasis (P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively) and the TNM stage (both P<0.001). Low Beclin-1 expression was associated with the degree of differentiation (P=0.015), lymph node metastasis (P=0.029) and the TNM stage (P=0.027). The data may indicate that c-Met, PI3K and Beclin-1 expression, and CagA-positive H. pylori infection are all involved in the molecular mechanisms for the progression of GC.
| Table II.Association between the characteristics of patients with gastric cancer and the expression of c-Met, PI3K, Beclin-1 and CagA. |
Association between CagA, c-Met, PI3K and Beclin-1 expression
As included in Table III, the data suggested an association between CagA and c-Met or Beclin-1 expression in 121 GC tissue samples. There were 64 c-Met/CagA-positive and 17 c-Met/CagA-negative tumors (Rs=0.223, P=0.014), and 32 Beclin-1/CagA-positive and 14 Beclin-1/CagA-negative tumors (Rs=−0.245, P=0.007). No significant correlation between PI3K and CagA positivity was identified (Rs=0.127, P=0.164). In all 121 gastric cancer patients, 86 patients had high expression of CagA (positive rate, 71.1%). In the CagA-positive group, 32 patients had low expression of Beclin-1 (32/86; 37.2%; P=0.007) and 64 patients had high levels of c-Met (P=0.014). However, CagA was not associated with high expression of PI3K (P=0.164) (Table III).
c-Met, PI3K, Beclin-1 and CagA expression association with patient survival
The association between c-Met, PI3K, Beclin-1 and CagA expression and the survival rate of patients with GC was assessed (Table IV; Fig. 2). The high expression of c-Met and CagA in tissues were significantly associated with poor DFS rate (log-rank P=0.010 and P=0.020, respectively; Fig. 2A and B). Furthermore, the high expression of c-Met and PI3K were significantly associated with a poor OS rate (log-rank P=0.003 and P=0.035, respectively; Fig. 2C and D). Low expression of Beclin-1 was also significantly associated with a poor DFS and OS rate (log-rank P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively; Fig. 2E and F). However, the expression of PI3K was not significantly associated with the DFS rate (log-rank P=0.152; data not shown) and CagA was not associated with the OS rate (log-rank P=0.072; data not shown).
| Table IV.Univariate analysis of the association between 5-year DFS and OS and clinicopathological factors, including the expression of c-Met, PI3K and Beclin-1. |
In a univariate analysis, the high expression of c-Met (HR, 2.502; 95% CI, 1.211–5.171; P=0.013) or CagA (HR, 2.384; 95% CI, 1.115–5.095; P=0.025) were associated with a poor DFS rate. In addition, the high expression of c-Met (HR, 2.825; 95% CI, 1.371–5.820; P=0.005) or PI3K (HR, 2.193; 95% CI, 1.030–4.666; P=0.042) were associated with a poor OS rate. The low expression of Beclin-1 was also significantly associated with a poor DFS (HR, 0.296; 95% CI, 0.151–0.581; P<0.001) and OS rate (HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.186–0.658; P=0.001). However, the high expression of PI3K was not significantly associated with the DFS rate (P=0.16) and the expression of CagA was not significantly associated with the OS rate (P=0.079; Table V).
| Table V.Univariate and multivariate analysis of the association between DFS and OS and clinicopathological factors, including the expression of c-Met, PI3K, Beclin-1 and CagA. |
In multivariate analysis of Table V, the high expression of c-Met and low expression of Beclin-1 were associated with a poor DFS rate (adjusted HR, 2.083; 95% CI, 1.004–4.322; P=0.049; adjusted HR, 0.312; 95% CI, 0.158–0.616; P=0.001, respectively).
Discussion
Cancer is a considerable burden on global health. Within the next twenty years, new cancer cases and mortalities worldwide annually will reach 22 million and 13 million, respectively (1). GC is the second most common cause for cancer-associated mortality (2). An estimated 20–25% of all cases of cancer worldwide are associated with inflammation induced by microbial infection (24). CagA-positive H. pylori infection is a severe risk factor for the initiation and development of human GC (17). In the present study, the CagA-positive rate in GC tissues was determined to be significantly higher than in normal tissues. The expression of CagA was significantly associated with the depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis and the TNM tumor stage of GC. Tumor CagA-positivity was negatively associated with the likelihood of 5-year DFS. CagA is implicated in the neoplasia, invasion and metastasis of GC (10–12). Thus, it was demonstrated that the eradication of CagA-positive H. pylori infection may reduce the rate of GC incidence, and may also prolong the DFS period of patients with GC.
c-Met protein is a transmembrane protein derived from a 170-kDa precursor (25). c-Met function is normally associated with embryonic development and damage repair; however, deregulation of the protein induces tumorigenesis (26). Churin et al (17) demonstrated that H. pylori CagA protein targets the c-Met receptor to invoke a mitogenic response. Yang et al (12) verified that interactions between genes affected by CagA and c-Met significantly intensified the risk of GC. In solid tumors, aberrant c-Met phosphorylation can facilitate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a key step in tumor progression to metastatic disease (20,22,24). Churin et al (17) demonstrated that CagA interacts with c-Met in cells co-cultured with H. pylori. Oliveira et al also suggest that H. pylori-induced cell invasion requires c-Met activity (27). These reports revealed that H. pylori may not only have a role in gastric carcinogenesis, but also in the progression of the tumor to invasion and metastasis through the CagA-dependent activation of the c-Met receptor (17,27,28). The data of the present study demonstrated that the expression of c-Met was higher in GC tissue than in normal gastric mucosa. The expression of c-Met was significantly associated with lymphatic metastasis and the TNM stage of GC. The expression of c-Met was significantly negatively associated with the likelihood of 5-year DFS and OS. There was additionally a statistically significant association between c-Met- and CagA-positivity. This result indicates that CagA-positive H. pylori infection was associated with the c-Met-dependent signaling pathway in GC genesis, progression and metastasis.
H. pylori infection stimulates c-Met phosphorylation via interaction with CagA, which promotes H. pylori-induced cancer cell motility and invasion. The interaction of c-Met with CagA may lead to PI3K activation. Activated PI3K stimulates the phosphorylation of Akt. The phosphorylation of Akt promotes tumor cell invasion and the expression of oncogenes through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The activated Akt stimulates the phosphorylation of downstream target proteins, suppresses autophagy and increases the resistance to apoptosis. These events promote gastric tumor cell proliferation and invasion (19–22,29). The results of the present study demonstrated that the expression of PI3K was higher in GC tissues than in normal gastric mucosa. The expression of PI3K was significantly associated with the depth of tumor invasion, lymphatic metastasis and TNM tumor stage of GC. The expression of PI3K was significantly negatively associated with the likelihood of 5-year OS. There was no observed association between PI3K and CagA-positivity, although this association may be observable in a larger study cohort. The expression of Beclin-1 was significantly lower in GC tissue, particularly in CagA-positive GC cases. The data have demonstrated that CagA-positive H. pylori infection was associated with the suppression of autophagy in the neoplasia and metastasis of GC. Once the underlying oncogenic mechanisms have been confirmed, it may be possible to classify tumors and develop targeted therapies for individual tumors. An additional study with a larger sample size will be performed in the near future.
To conclude, the findings of the present study indicate that CagA-positive H. pylori infection, and the expression of c-Met, PI3K and Beclin-1 may have major roles in the oncogenesis, invasive growth and lymph node metastasis of GC. The DFS rate was significantly negatively associated with the expression of c-Met and CagA in GC tissue whereas it was positively associated with Beclin-1 expression. OS was also negatively associated with expression of c-Met and PI3K, whereas it was positively associated with Beclin-1. Furthermore, c-Met and Beclin-1 could be an independent and efficient biomarker for predicting the DFS of GC patients. In CagA-positive H. pylori infection-associated GC, c-Met expression was upregulated, and Beclin-1 expression was downregulated, significantly. CagA-positive H. pylori infection was closely associated with the c-Met-dependent signaling pathway and the suppression of autophagy in the neoplasia, invasion and metastasis of GC. The investigation indicated that modulators targeting c-Met or promoting Beclin-1 may be suitable for development as agents for treating GC, particularly CagA-positive H. pylori infection-associated GC.
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