The diagnostic approaches, mode of therapies, frequencies of distant metastasis and causes of death in 139 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) between 1976 and 1998 were studied by dividing the total study duration into three periods. The period between 1976-1980 (period I) was characterized by the absence of periodic follow-up of the patients with chronic liver diseases, and operation was the only therapeutic choice for HCC. During 1981-1986 (period II), periodic screening of patients with chronic liver diseases was started using ultrasonography, and transartieal embolization became a second choice of therapy along with operation. Period III (1986-1998) was characterized by the availability of facilities to make definitive diagnosis of HCC using small-gauge cutting needle biopsy under sonographic guidance. Data from our study show that along with the advancement of new and invasive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, the frequency of death due to gastrointestinal bleeding decreased, whereas, the frequency of death due to respiratory failure resulting from pulmonary metastasis increased. Patients treated with transcatheter arterial embolization were more prone to develop pulmonary metastasis. These data show that patients with HCC undergoing invasive therapies should be checked for distant metastasis in addition to intrahepatic recurrence of HCC.

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