Association of intestinal dysbiosis with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis: Evidence from different population studies (Review)

Torres-Chávez,María Eugenia; Torres-Carrillo,Nora Magdalena; Monreal-Lugo,Ana Victoria; Garnés-Rancurello,Sandra; Murugesan,Selvasankar; Gutiérrez-Hurtado,Itzae Adonai; Beltrán-Ramírez,Jesús Raúl; Sandoval-Pinto,Elena; Torres-Carrillo,Norma

doi:10.3892/br.2023.1675

Association of intestinal dysbiosis with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis: Evidence from different population studies (Review)

Authors:
- María Eugenia Torres-Chávez
- Nora Magdalena Torres-Carrillo
- Ana Victoria Monreal-Lugo
- Sandra Garnés-Rancurello
- Selvasankar Murugesan
- Itzae Adonai Gutiérrez-Hurtado
- Jesús Raúl Beltrán-Ramírez
- Elena Sandoval-Pinto
- Norma Torres-Carrillo
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Affiliations: Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico, Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico, Department of Nutrition and Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, Mexico, Department of Nutrition, Technological Institute of Higher Studies of Monterrey, Zapopan, Jalisco 45201, Mexico, Maternal and Child Health Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico, Department of Information Systems, University Center of Administrative Economic Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco 45100, Mexico, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University Center for Biological and Agricultural Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco 45200, Mexico
Published online on: October 12, 2023 https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2023.1675
Article Number: 93
Copyright: © Torres-Chávez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Understanding the relationship between microorganisms that live in our intestines and neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS) is essential, since they have been shown to have an immunomodulatory effect in neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The gut microbiota can be affected by several environmental factors, including infections, physical and emotional stress and diet, the latter known as the main modulator of intestinal bacteria. An abrupt shift in the gut microbiota composition and function is known as dysbiosis, a state of local and systemic inflammation produced by pathogenic bacteria and its metabolites responsible for numerous neurological symptoms. It may also trigger neuronal damage in patients diagnosed with MS. Intestinal dysbiosis affects the permeability of the intestine, allowing chronic low‑grade bacterial translocation from the intestine to the circulation, which may overstimulate immune cells and cells resident in the CNS, break immune tolerance and, in addition, alter the permeability of the blood‑brain barrier (BBB). This way, toxins, inflammatory molecules and oxidative stress molecules can pass freely into the CNS and cause extensive damage to the brain. However, commensal bacteria, such as the Lactobacillus genus and Bacteroides fragilis, and their metabolites (with anti‑inflammatory potential), produce neurotransmitters such as γ‑aminobutyric acid, histamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine and serotonin, which are important for neurological regulation. In addition, reprogramming the gut microbiota of patients with MS with a healthy gut microbiota may help improve the integrity of the gut and BBB, by providing clinically protective anti‑inflammatory effects and reducing the disease's degenerative progression. The present review provides valuable information about the relationship between gut microbiota and neuroinflammatory processes of the CNS. Most importantly, it highlights the importance of intestinal bacteria as an environmental factor that may mediate the clinical course of MS, or even predispose to the outbreak of this disease.

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