Open Access

Sleep apnea syndrome associated with gonadal hormone imbalance (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Cristian Cojocaru
    • Elena Cojocaru
    • Luiza-Simona Pohaci‑Antonesei
    • Catalin-Alexandru Pohaci‑Antonesei
    • Stefan Dumitrache‑Rujinski
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: October 25, 2023     https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2023.1683
  • Article Number: 101
  • Copyright: © Cojocaru et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea exhibit an increased risk of developing gonadal disorders. Because a notable number of people worldwide have sleep respiratory and reproductive disorders, it is essential to recognize the association between local upper airway dysfunction and its gonadal effects. Repeated breathing pauses cause sleep fragmentation, disorganization of sleep cycles and stages, sympathetic activation, intermittent hypoxemia and systemic inflammation. Nocturnal intermittent hypoxemia has a direct central effect on neurotransmitters, with disturbances in the normal production of hypothalamic‑pituitary hormones. Awakenings and micro‑awakenings at the end of apneic episodes produce a central stress responsible for hormonal changes and subsequent endocrine imbalances. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) on gonadal hormonal homeostasis and its consequences. Recognizing and understanding how local upper airway dysfunction causes gonadal imbalance may facilitate better care for patients with OSAS. Although there may be a direct relationship between sleep‑disordered breathing and gonadal function mediated by hormones via the hypothalamic-pituitary‑gonadal axis, to date, current therapies have not been effective.
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December-2023
Volume 19 Issue 6

Print ISSN: 2049-9434
Online ISSN:2049-9442

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Spandidos Publications style
Cojocaru C, Cojocaru E, Pohaci‑Antonesei L, Pohaci‑Antonesei C and Dumitrache‑Rujinski S: Sleep apnea syndrome associated with gonadal hormone imbalance (Review). Biomed Rep 19: 101, 2023
APA
Cojocaru, C., Cojocaru, E., Pohaci‑Antonesei, L., Pohaci‑Antonesei, C., & Dumitrache‑Rujinski, S. (2023). Sleep apnea syndrome associated with gonadal hormone imbalance (Review). Biomedical Reports, 19, 101. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2023.1683
MLA
Cojocaru, C., Cojocaru, E., Pohaci‑Antonesei, L., Pohaci‑Antonesei, C., Dumitrache‑Rujinski, S."Sleep apnea syndrome associated with gonadal hormone imbalance (Review)". Biomedical Reports 19.6 (2023): 101.
Chicago
Cojocaru, C., Cojocaru, E., Pohaci‑Antonesei, L., Pohaci‑Antonesei, C., Dumitrache‑Rujinski, S."Sleep apnea syndrome associated with gonadal hormone imbalance (Review)". Biomedical Reports 19, no. 6 (2023): 101. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2023.1683