SARS-CoV-2 associated unilateral parotitis in children: A case report and literature review

Marino,Andrea; Cacciaguerra,Giovanni; Spampinato,Serena; Palermo,Monica; Biasco,Arturo; Liotta,Emanuele; Cocuzza,Salvatore; Venanzi Rullo,Emmanuele; Nunnari,Giuseppe; Pavone,Piero

doi:10.3892/br.2024.1771

SARS-CoV-2 associated unilateral parotitis in children: A case report and literature review

Authors:
- Andrea Marino
- Giovanni Cacciaguerra
- Serena Spampinato
- Monica Palermo
- Arturo Biasco
- Emanuele Liotta
- Salvatore Cocuzza
- Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo
- Giuseppe Nunnari
- Piero Pavone
View Affiliations

Affiliations: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Catania, ARNAS Garibaldi Hospital, I-95122 Catania, Italy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Paediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, School of Specialization in Paediatrics, University of Catania, I-95124 Catania, Italy, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies ‘GF Ingrassia’, Radiology Unit 1, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies ‘GF Ingrassia’, ENT Section, University of Catania, I-95124 Catania, Italy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, I-98124 Messina, Italy
Published online on: March 27, 2024 https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2024.1771
Article Number: 83
Copyright : © Marino et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection usually affects the respiratory system; however, a number of atypical manifestations of this disease have also been reported, especially in children. The present study reports a case of a 12-year-old presenting with right unilateral parotitis and sialadenitis and SARS-CoV-2 infection. The young patient, after a 3-day history of fever, was brought to our clinic (Polyclinic University Hospital ‘G. Rodolico’, Catania, Italy) for the sudden onset of unilateral parotitis accompanied by sialadenitis and hyperaemia of the skin, which was tender to touch. The SARS-CoV-2 molecular swab was positive; the ultrasound of the affected region showed an increase in the volume of the parotid and sublingual gland and reactive lymph nodes compatible with parotitis and sialadenitis. This case suggests that, in the present Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 should be included in the differential diagnosis of parotitis and sialadenitis along with mumps and flue. Notably, a respiratory panel and serology for other potential causes are needed in case of parotitis-like disease.

View Figures

View References

1	Marino A, Munafò A, Augello E, Bellanca CM, Bonomo C, Ceccarelli M, Musso N, Cantarella G, Cacopardo B and Bernardini R: Sarilumab administration in COVID-19 patients: Literature review and considerations. Infect Dis Rep. 14:360–371. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
2	Zimmermann P and Curtis N: Coronavirus infections in children including COVID-19: An overview of the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention options in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 39:355–368. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
3	Mao R, Qiu Y, He JS, Tan JY, Li XH, Liang J, Shen J, Zhu LR, Chen Y, Iacucci M, et al: Manifestations and prognosis of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 5:667–678. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
4	Cosentino F, Moscatt V, Marino A, Pampaloni A, Scuderi D, Ceccarelli M, Benanti F, Gussio M, Larocca L, Boscia V, et al: Clinical characteristics and predictors of death among hospitalized patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Sicily, Italy: A retrospective observational study. Biomed Rep. 16(34)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
5	Pagliari D, Marra A and Cosentini R: Atypical manifestations of COVID-19: To know signs and symptoms to recognize the whole disease in the emergency department. Intern Emerg Med. 16:1407–1410. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
6	Yang Z, Chen X, Huang R, Li S, Lin D, Yang Z, Sun H, Liu G, Qiu J, Tang Y, et al: Atypical presentations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from onset to readmission. BMC Infect Dis. 21(127)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
7	Binmadi NO, Aljohani S, Alsharif MT, Almazrooa SA and Sindi AM: Oral manifestations of COVID-19: A cross-sectional study of their prevalence and association with disease severity. J Clin Med. 11(4461)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
8	Zachariah P: COVID-19 in children. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 36:1–14. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
9	Kachru S and Kaul D: COVID-19 manifestations in children. Curr Med Res Pract. 10:186–188. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
10	Friedrich RE, Droste TL, Angerer F, Popa B, Koehnke R, Gosau M and Knipfer C: COVID-19-associated parotid gland abscess. In Vivo. 36:1349–1353. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
11	Maegawa K and Nishioka H: COVID-19-associated parotitis and sublingual gland sialadenitis. BMJ Case Rep. 15(e251730)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
12	Brandini DA, Takamiya AS, Thakkar P, Schaller S, Rahat R and Naqvi AR: Covid-19 and oral diseases: Crosstalk, synergy or association? Rev Med Virol. 31(e2226)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
13	Sayed MA and Abdelhakeem M: Typical and atypical clinical presentation of COVID-19 infection in children in the top of pandemic in el-minia governorate (two center experience). Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 14(e2022002)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
14	Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, Li T and Chen Q: High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 12(8)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
15	Montazersaheb S, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Hejazi MS, Tarhriz V, Farjami A, Ghasemian Sorbeni F, Farahzadi R and Ghasemnejad T: COVID-19 infection: An overview on cytokine storm and related interventions. Virol J. 19(92)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
16	Campanella E, Marino A, Ceccarelli M, Gussio M, Cosentino F, Moscatt V, Icali C, Nunnari G, Celesia BM and Acopardo B: Pain crisis management in a patient with sickle cell disease during SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case report and literature review. World Acad Sci J. 4(14)2022.
17	Wu X, Xiang M, Jing H, Wang C, Novakovic VA and Shi J: Damage to endothelial barriers and its contribution to long COVID. Angiogenesis. 27:5–22. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
18	Spampinato S, Pavone P, Cacciaguerra G, Cocuzza S, Venanzi Rullo E, Marino S, Marino A and Nunnari G: Coronavirus OC43 and influenza H3N2 concomitant unilateral parotitis: The importance of laboratory tests in mumps-like parotitis. Pathogens. 12(1309)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
19	Nunez-Castilla J, Stebliankin V, Baral P, Balbin CA, Sobhan M, Cickovski T, Mondal AM, Narasimhan G, Chapagain P, Mathee K and Siltberg-Liberles J: Potential autoimmunity resulting from molecular mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 spike and human proteins. Viruses. 14(1415)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
20	Pavone P, Ceccarelli M, Taibi R, La Rocca G and Nunnari G: Outbreak of COVID-19 infection in children: Fear and serenity. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 24:4572–4575. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
21	Pavone P, Marino S, Marino L, Cacciaguerra G, Guarneri C, Nunnari G, Taibi R, Marletta L and Falsaperla R: Chilblains-like lesions and SARS-CoV-2 in children: An overview in therapeutic approach. Dermatol Ther. 34(e14502)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
22	Rayan MA, Bader JA, Feras AA and Shaikha JA: COVID-19 associated parotitis in pediatrics. Glob J Pediatr Neonatal Care. 2:2020.
23	Riad A, Kassem I, Badrah M and Klugar M: Acute parotitis as a presentation of COVID-19? Oral Dis. 28 (Suppl 1):S968–S969. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
24	Wilson M and Pandey S: Parotitis. Emergency Management of Infectious Diseases: Second edition. pp126-128, 2023.
25	Sharma S, Mahajan V and Gupta R: Unilateral acute parotitis: A novel manifestation of pediatric coronavirus disease. Indian Pediatr Case Rep. 2:200–203. 2022.
26	Ekemen Keles Y, Karadag Oncel E, Baysal M, Kara Aksay A and Yılmaz Ciftdogan D: Acute parotitis in a 4-year-old in association with COVID-19. J Paediatr Child Health. 57:958–959. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
27	Brehm R, Narayanam L and Chon G: COVID-19-associated parotitis in a 10-week-old male. Cureus. 14(e31054)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
28	Likitnukul S: COVID-19 associated parotitis in a 4-year-old boy. J Paediatr Child Health. 58:1911–1912. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
29	Erdem H, Hargreaves S, Ankarali H, Caskurlu H, Ceviker SA, Bahar-Kacmaz A, Meric-Koc M, Altindis M, Yildiz-Kirazaldi Y, Kizilates F, et al: Managing adult patients with infectious diseases in emergency departments: International ID-IRI study. J Chemother. 33:302–318. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
30	Ludvigsson JF: Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr. 109:1088–1095. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
31	Götzinger F, Santiago-García B, Noguera-Julián A, Lanaspa M, Lancella L, Calò Carducci FI, Gabrovska N, Velizarova S, Prunk P, Osterman V, et al: COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: A multinational, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 4:653–661. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
32	Bialek S, Gierke R, Hughes M, McNamara LA, Pilishvili T and Skoff T: Coronavirus disease 2019 in children-United States, February 12-April 2, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 69:422–426. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
33	Zachariah P, Johnson CL, Halabi KC, Ahn D, Sen AI, Fischer A, Banker SL, Giordano M, Manice CS, Diamond R, et al: Epidemiology, clinical features, and disease severity in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a children's hospital in New York City, New York. JAMA Pediatr. 174(e202430)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
34	Parri N, Lenge M and Buonsenso D: Coronavirus Infection in Pediatric Emergency Departments (CONFIDENCE) Research Group. Children with Covid-19 in pediatric emergency departments in Italy. N Engl J Med. 383:187–190. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
35	Cag Y, Al Madadha ME, Ankarali H, Cag Y, Demir Onder K, Seremet-Keskin A, Kizilates F, Čivljak R, Shehata G, Alay H, et al: Vaccine hesitancy and refusal among parents: An international ID-IRI survey. J Infect Dev Ctries. 16:1081–1088. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar