Protective effects of D‑Limonene against transient cerebral ischemia in stroke‑prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

Wang,Xifeng; Li,Gang; Shen,Wei

doi:10.3892/etm.2017.5509

Protective effects of D‑Limonene against transient cerebral ischemia in stroke‑prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

Authors:
- Xifeng Wang
- Gang Li
- Wei Shen
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Affiliations: Department of Neurology, Puai Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, P.R. China
Published online on: November 14, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5509
Pages: 699-706
Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Stroke is a leading cause of disability and death world‑wide and there is currently a lack of effective treatments for acute stroke. D‑Limonene is a common natural monocyclic monoterpene possessing various activities. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of D‑limonene against ischemia‑associated cerebral injury in hypertensive SHRsp rats. Although systolic blood pressure was not altered by ischemia, D‑Limonene decreased the systolic blood pressure of SHRsp rats following stroke. Induction of stroke resulted in increased escape latency time, decreased time spent in the target quadrant in the probe trial, decreased capacity to distinguish between familiar objects and novel objects, and increased sensory neglect in the SHRsp rat, however these symptoms were significantly inhibited by D‑limonene. D‑limonene also decreased the cerebral infarct size in the SHRsp rats following stroke. D‑Limonene markedly decreased the mRNA expression of interleukin‑1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1 and cyclooxygenase‑2 in SHRsp rats following stroke. The mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the brain of SHRsp rats following stroke was significantly increased by D‑Limonene. D‑Limonene increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, decreased the malondialdehyde level, increased glutathione content and reduced the DHE‑staining in SHRsp rats following stroke. Overall, inhibition of cerebral inflammation, vascular remodeling and antioxidant activities of D‑Limonene may be involved in the protective effects against ischemia‑induced damage in SHRsp rats. The present study identified D‑Limonene as a potential therapeutic candidate for treatment of stroke‑associated cerebral and vascular damage under conditions of hypertension.

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