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Review

Weight loss programmes using low carbohydrate diets to control the cardiovascular risk in adolescents (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Roxana Adriana Stoica
    • Camelia Cristina Diaconu
    • Manfredi Rizzo
    • Peter P. Toth
    • Simona Diana Stefan
    • Cristian Serafinceanu
    • Dragana Nikolic
    • Catalina Poiana
    • Constantin Ionescu‑Tirgoviste
    • Anca Pantea‑Stoian
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020475 Bucharest, Romania, Department of Internal Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 014461 Bucharest, Romania, Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Palermo, I-90139 Palermo, Italy, Ciccarone' Center for The Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, I-90127 Palermo, Italy, Department of Endocrinology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
  • Article Number: 90
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    Published online on: November 26, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9522
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Abstract

Cardiovascular risk (CVR) is a broad term that includes traditional factors like hypertension, hyper lipidemia, abdominal obesity, hyperinsulinemia or overt type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and emerging ones such as hypothyroidism or inflammatory diseases. In epidemiologic studies, all of these factors are associated with atherogenesis and have complex interactions between them. They have in common an increased prevalence in the general population beginning in childhood, and are correlated with endothelial damage as demonstrated by echocardiographic modifications of the left ventricle or carotid intima‑media thickness. Adolescence is a transition period where behavioural eating patterns develop and have a major impact on cardiovascular risk. To address these patterns, weight‑loss programmes under medical supervision for overweight and obese adolescents are developed. It was observed that those who control the quality and quantity of their carbohydrates, by consuming more fruits and vegetables, associated with increased physical activity reduce their CVR. Some limited studies have shown that low carbohydrate diet (LCD) is safe and effective, but one should take into consideration the limited duration and the structure of the LCD. If there is a proper adherence to this type of nutritional intervention, it results in weight loss, improvement in insulin resistance, lipid profile and subclinical hypothyroidism reversal. We reviewed the literature starting from 2009 by searching all the observational, randomised clinical trials and meta‑analyses on MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases regarding obesity and related metabolic diseases (dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hypothyroidism, LCD) in adolescents and synthesized the nutritional interventions for this population that could decrease CVR.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Stoica RA, Diaconu CC, Rizzo M, Toth PP, Stefan SD, Serafinceanu C, Nikolic D, Poiana C, Ionescu‑Tirgoviste C, Pantea‑Stoian A, Pantea‑Stoian A, et al: Weight loss programmes using low carbohydrate diets to control the cardiovascular risk in adolescents (Review). Exp Ther Med 21: 90, 2021.
APA
Stoica, R.A., Diaconu, C.C., Rizzo, M., Toth, P.P., Stefan, S.D., Serafinceanu, C. ... Pantea‑Stoian, A. (2021). Weight loss programmes using low carbohydrate diets to control the cardiovascular risk in adolescents (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21, 90. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9522
MLA
Stoica, R. A., Diaconu, C. C., Rizzo, M., Toth, P. P., Stefan, S. D., Serafinceanu, C., Nikolic, D., Poiana, C., Ionescu‑Tirgoviste, C., Pantea‑Stoian, A."Weight loss programmes using low carbohydrate diets to control the cardiovascular risk in adolescents (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21.1 (2021): 90.
Chicago
Stoica, R. A., Diaconu, C. C., Rizzo, M., Toth, P. P., Stefan, S. D., Serafinceanu, C., Nikolic, D., Poiana, C., Ionescu‑Tirgoviste, C., Pantea‑Stoian, A."Weight loss programmes using low carbohydrate diets to control the cardiovascular risk in adolescents (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21, no. 1 (2021): 90. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9522
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Stoica RA, Diaconu CC, Rizzo M, Toth PP, Stefan SD, Serafinceanu C, Nikolic D, Poiana C, Ionescu‑Tirgoviste C, Pantea‑Stoian A, Pantea‑Stoian A, et al: Weight loss programmes using low carbohydrate diets to control the cardiovascular risk in adolescents (Review). Exp Ther Med 21: 90, 2021.
APA
Stoica, R.A., Diaconu, C.C., Rizzo, M., Toth, P.P., Stefan, S.D., Serafinceanu, C. ... Pantea‑Stoian, A. (2021). Weight loss programmes using low carbohydrate diets to control the cardiovascular risk in adolescents (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21, 90. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9522
MLA
Stoica, R. A., Diaconu, C. C., Rizzo, M., Toth, P. P., Stefan, S. D., Serafinceanu, C., Nikolic, D., Poiana, C., Ionescu‑Tirgoviste, C., Pantea‑Stoian, A."Weight loss programmes using low carbohydrate diets to control the cardiovascular risk in adolescents (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21.1 (2021): 90.
Chicago
Stoica, R. A., Diaconu, C. C., Rizzo, M., Toth, P. P., Stefan, S. D., Serafinceanu, C., Nikolic, D., Poiana, C., Ionescu‑Tirgoviste, C., Pantea‑Stoian, A."Weight loss programmes using low carbohydrate diets to control the cardiovascular risk in adolescents (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21, no. 1 (2021): 90. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9522
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