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New‑onset neuropsychiatric sequelae and ‘long‑COVID’ syndrome (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Vasiliki Efstathiou
    • Maria-Ioanna Stefanou
    • Marina Demetriou
    • Nikolaos Siafakas
    • Eleni Katsantoni
    • Michael Makris
    • Georgios Tsivgoulis
    • Vassilios Zoumpourlis
    • Stylianos P. Kympouropoulos
    • James N. Tsoporis
    • Demetrios A. Spandidos
    • Panagiotis Ferentinos
    • Nikolaos Smyrnis
    • Emmanouil Rizos

  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: October 4, 2022     https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11641
  • Article Number: 705

  • Copyright: © Efstathiou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic has had a widespread impact on individuals' mental health through indirect psychological and social mechanisms, related to factors such as fear of infection or death, social isolation, lack of social support and financial instability. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) infection has also been associated with the development or recurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms, both during the acute phase, as well as during the post‑acute ‘long‑COVID’ phase. In addition to the COVID‑19 survivors with a mental health history that are at a high risk of experiencing a range of neuropsychiatric symptoms following resolution of acute COVID‑19, there is accumulating evidence that a diagnosis of COVID‑19 may also be associated with new‑onset neuropsychiatric morbidity among survivors without pre‑existing mental health disorders. In particular, studies investigating the incidence of post‑acute neuropsychiatric sequelae, based mostly on retrospective cohort study designs and data from national health registries, have reported the development of new‑onset manifestations, including depression, anxiety, psychotic symptoms, sleep disturbances and fatigue. Nevertheless, when COVID‑19 survivors were compared with SARS‑CoV‑2‑negative controls and especially survivors of other disorders (such as influenza), the findings regarding the risk of incident neuropsychiatric manifestations varied among studies. While there is evidence of an association between SARS‑CoV‑2 infection and the subsequent occurrence of new‑onset neuropsychiatric symptoms, especially among patients with increased disease severity, further research using methodological approaches less susceptible to confounding bias is required to establish causal relationships.
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Spandidos Publications style
Efstathiou V, Stefanou M, Demetriou M, Siafakas N, Katsantoni E, Makris M, Tsivgoulis G, Zoumpourlis V, Kympouropoulos SP, Tsoporis JN, Tsoporis JN, et al: New‑onset neuropsychiatric sequelae and ‘long‑COVID’ syndrome (Review). Exp Ther Med 24: 705, 2022.
APA
Efstathiou, V., Stefanou, M., Demetriou, M., Siafakas, N., Katsantoni, E., Makris, M. ... Rizos, E. (2022). New‑onset neuropsychiatric sequelae and ‘long‑COVID’ syndrome (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 24, 705. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11641
MLA
Efstathiou, V., Stefanou, M., Demetriou, M., Siafakas, N., Katsantoni, E., Makris, M., Tsivgoulis, G., Zoumpourlis, V., Kympouropoulos, S. P., Tsoporis, J. N., Spandidos, D. A., Ferentinos, P., Smyrnis, N., Rizos, E."New‑onset neuropsychiatric sequelae and ‘long‑COVID’ syndrome (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 24.5 (2022): 705.
Chicago
Efstathiou, V., Stefanou, M., Demetriou, M., Siafakas, N., Katsantoni, E., Makris, M., Tsivgoulis, G., Zoumpourlis, V., Kympouropoulos, S. P., Tsoporis, J. N., Spandidos, D. A., Ferentinos, P., Smyrnis, N., Rizos, E."New‑onset neuropsychiatric sequelae and ‘long‑COVID’ syndrome (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 24, no. 5 (2022): 705. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11641