Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
September-2020 Volume 46 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
September-2020 Volume 46 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data.pdf
Article Open Access

Co‑expression of peripheral olfactory receptors with SARS‑CoV‑2 infection mediators: Potential implications beyond loss of smell as a COVID‑19 symptom

  • Authors:
    • Rachel Kerslake
    • Marcia Hall
    • Harpal S. Randeva
    • Demetrios A. Spandidos
    • Kamaljit Chatha
    • Ioannis Kyrou
    • Emmanouil Karteris
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK, Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
    Copyright: © Kerslake et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 949-956
    |
    Published online on: June 17, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4646
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus‑2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) enters into human host cells via mechanisms facilitated mostly by angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). New loss of smell (anosmia/hyposmia) is now recognized as a COVID‑19 related symptom, which may be caused by SARS‑CoV‑2 infection and damage of the olfactory receptor (OR) cells in the nasal neuro‑epithelium and/or central involvement of the olfactory bulb. ORs are also expressed peripherally (e.g., in tissues of the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems) and it is possible that their local functions could also be impaired by SARS‑CoV‑2 infection of these tissues. Using Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, The Cancer Genome Atlas, Genotype‑Tissue Expression, cBioPortal and Shiny Methylation Analysis Resource Tool, we highlight the expression of peripheral ORs in both healthy and malignant tissues, and describe their co‑expression with key mediators of SARS‑CoV‑2 infection, such as ACE2 and TMPRSS2, as well as cathepsin L (CTSL; another cellular protease mediating SARS‑CoV‑2 infection of host cells). A wide expression profile of peripheral ORs was noted, particularly in tissues such as the prostate, testis, thyroid, brain, liver, kidney and bladder, as well as tissues with known involvement in cardio‑metabolic disease (e.g., the adipose tissue, pancreas and heart). Among these, OR51E2, in particular, was significantly upregulated in prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) and co‑expressed primarily with TMPRSS2. Functional networks of this OR were further analysed using the GeneMANIA interactive tool, showing that OR51E2 interacts with a plethora of genes related to the prostate. Further in vitro and clinical studies are clearly required to elucidate the role of ORs, both at the olfactory level and the periphery, in the context of COVID‑19.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

World Health Organization (WHO): Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 139. WHO; Geneva: 2020, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports. Accessed June 8, 2020.

2 

Pellegrino R, Cooper KW, Di Pizio A, Joseph PV, Bhutani S and Parma V: Corona Viruses and the Chemical Senses: Past, Present, and Future. Chem Senses. bjaa0312020.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Mainland JD, Keller A, Li YR, Zhou T, Trimmer C, Snyder LL, Moberly AH, Adipietro KA, Liu WL, Zhuang H, et al: The missense of smell: Functional variability in the human odorant receptor repertoire. Nat Neurosci. 17:114–120. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar :

4 

Maßberg D and Hatt H: Human olfactory receptors: Novel cellular functions outside of the nose. Physiol Rev. 98:1739–1763. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

An SS and Liggett SB: Taste and smell GPCRs in the lung: Evidence for a previously unrecognized widespread chemo-sensory system. Cell Signal. 41:82–88. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Neuhaus EM, Zhang W, Gelis L, Deng Y, Noldus J and Hatt H: Activation of an olfactory receptor inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 284:16218–16225. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Gosain R, Abdou Y, Singh A, Rana N, Puzanov I and Ernstoff MS: COVID-19 and cancer: a comprehensive review. Curr Oncol Rep. 22:532020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu NH, Nitsche A, et al: SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 181:271–280.e8. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT and Veesler D: Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell. 181:281–292.e6. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Yuki K, Fujiogi M and Koutsogiannaki S: COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clin Immunol. 215:1084272020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Butowt R and Bilinska K: SARS-CoV-2: olfaction, brain infection, and the urgent need for clinical samples allowing earlier virus detection. ACS Chem Neurosci. 11:1200–1203. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Brann DH, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, Lipovsek M, Van den Berge K, Gong B, Chance R, Macaulay IC, Chou H, Fletcher R, et al: Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. bioRxiv. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Chai P, Yu J, Ge S, Jia R and Fan X: Genetic alteration, RNA expression, and DNA methylation profiling of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) receptor ACE2 in malignancies: A pan-cancer analysis. J Hematol Oncol. 13:432020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Katopodis P, Anikin V, Randeva HS, Spandidos DA, Chatha K, Kyrou I and Karteris E: Pan-cancer analysis of transmembrane protease serine 2 and cathepsin L that mediate cellular SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to COVID-19. Int J Oncol. 57:533–539. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Eliezer M, Hautefort C, Hamel AL, Verillaud B, Herman P, Houdart E and Eloit C: Sudden and complete olfactory loss function as a possible symptom of COVID-19. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. April 8–2020.Epub ahead of print.

16 

Bilinska K, Jakubowska P, Von Bartheld CS and Butowt R: Von Bartheld CS and Butowt R: Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry proteins, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in cells of the olfactory epithelium: identification of cell types and trends with age. ACS Chem Neurosci. 11:1555–1562. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Wang S, Zhou X, Zhang T and Wang Z: The need for urogenital tract monitoring in COVID-19. Nat Rev Urol. 17:314–315. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Reghunathan R, Jayapal M, Hsu LY, Chng HH, Tai D, Leung BP and Melendez AJ: Expression profile of immune response genes in patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. BMC Immunol. 6:22005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Hu W, Yen YT, Singh S, Kao CL and Ba WH: SARS-CoV regulates immune function-related gene expression in human monocytic cells. Viral Immunol. 25:277–288. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

VanLeuven JT, Ridenhour BJ, Gonzalez AJ, Miller CR and Miura TA: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and shared gene expression responses to infection by diverse respiratory viruses. PLoS One. 12:e01784082017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Wajed SA, Laird PW and DeMeester TR: DNA methylation: An alternative pathway to cancer. Ann Surg. 234:10–20. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Xia C, Ma W, Wang F, Hua SB and Liu M: Identification of a prostate-specific G-protein coupled receptor in prostate cancer. Oncogene. 20:5903–5907. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Abaffy T, Bain JR, Muehlbauer MJ, Spasojevic I, Lodha S, Bruguera E, O'Neal SK, Kim SY and Matsunami H: A testosterone metabolite 19-hydroxyandrostenedione induces neuroendocrine trans-differentiation of prostate cancer cells via an ectopic olfactory receptor. Front Oncol. 8:1622018. View Article : Google Scholar :

24 

Wambier CG, Goren A, Vaño-Galván S, Ramos PM, Ossimetha A, Nau G, Herrera S and McCoy J: Androgen sensitivity gateway to COVID-19 disease severity. Drug Dev Res. May 15–2020.Epub ahead of print. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Stopsack KH, Mucci LA, Antonarakis ES, Nelson PS and Kantoff PW: TMPRSS2 and COVID-19: Serendipity or opportunity for intervention? Cancer Discov. 10:779–782. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Hong SK: Kallikreins as biomarkers for prostate cancer. BioMed Res Int. 2014:5263412014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Kaikkonen E, Rantapero T, Zhang Q, Taimen P, Laitinen V, Kallajoki M, Jambulingam D, Ettala O, Knaapila J, Boström PJ, et al PRACTICAL Consortium: ANO7 is associated with aggressive prostate cancer. Int J Cancer. 143:2479–2487. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Gurel B, Ali TZ, Montgomery EA, Begum S, Hicks J, Goggins M, Eberhart CG, Clark DP, Bieberich CJ, Epstein JI, et al: NKX3.1 as a marker of prostatic origin in metastatic tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 34:1097–1105. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Hu WY, Hu DP, Xie L, Li Y, Majumdar S, Nonn L, Hu H, Shioda T and Prins GS: Isolation and functional interrogation of adult human prostate epithelial stem cells at single cell resolution. Stem Cell Res (Amst). 23:1–12. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Zhang P, He X, Tan J, Zhou X and Zou L: β-arrestin2 mediates β-2 adrenergic receptor signaling inducing prostate cancer cell progression. Oncol Rep. 26:1471–1477. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Lin HP, Lin CY, Huo C, Jan YJ, Tseng JC, Jiang SS, Kuo YY, Chen SC, Wang CT, Chan TM, et al: AKT3 promotes prostate cancer proliferation cells through regulation of Akt, B-Raf, and TSC1/TSC2. Oncotarget. 6:27097–27112. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Kerslake R, Hall M, Randeva HS, Spandidos DA, Chatha K, Kyrou I and Karteris E: Co‑expression of peripheral olfactory receptors with SARS‑CoV‑2 infection mediators: Potential implications beyond loss of smell as a COVID‑19 symptom. Int J Mol Med 46: 949-956, 2020.
APA
Kerslake, R., Hall, M., Randeva, H.S., Spandidos, D.A., Chatha, K., Kyrou, I., & Karteris, E. (2020). Co‑expression of peripheral olfactory receptors with SARS‑CoV‑2 infection mediators: Potential implications beyond loss of smell as a COVID‑19 symptom. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 46, 949-956. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4646
MLA
Kerslake, R., Hall, M., Randeva, H. S., Spandidos, D. A., Chatha, K., Kyrou, I., Karteris, E."Co‑expression of peripheral olfactory receptors with SARS‑CoV‑2 infection mediators: Potential implications beyond loss of smell as a COVID‑19 symptom". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 46.3 (2020): 949-956.
Chicago
Kerslake, R., Hall, M., Randeva, H. S., Spandidos, D. A., Chatha, K., Kyrou, I., Karteris, E."Co‑expression of peripheral olfactory receptors with SARS‑CoV‑2 infection mediators: Potential implications beyond loss of smell as a COVID‑19 symptom". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 46, no. 3 (2020): 949-956. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4646
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Kerslake R, Hall M, Randeva HS, Spandidos DA, Chatha K, Kyrou I and Karteris E: Co‑expression of peripheral olfactory receptors with SARS‑CoV‑2 infection mediators: Potential implications beyond loss of smell as a COVID‑19 symptom. Int J Mol Med 46: 949-956, 2020.
APA
Kerslake, R., Hall, M., Randeva, H.S., Spandidos, D.A., Chatha, K., Kyrou, I., & Karteris, E. (2020). Co‑expression of peripheral olfactory receptors with SARS‑CoV‑2 infection mediators: Potential implications beyond loss of smell as a COVID‑19 symptom. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 46, 949-956. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4646
MLA
Kerslake, R., Hall, M., Randeva, H. S., Spandidos, D. A., Chatha, K., Kyrou, I., Karteris, E."Co‑expression of peripheral olfactory receptors with SARS‑CoV‑2 infection mediators: Potential implications beyond loss of smell as a COVID‑19 symptom". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 46.3 (2020): 949-956.
Chicago
Kerslake, R., Hall, M., Randeva, H. S., Spandidos, D. A., Chatha, K., Kyrou, I., Karteris, E."Co‑expression of peripheral olfactory receptors with SARS‑CoV‑2 infection mediators: Potential implications beyond loss of smell as a COVID‑19 symptom". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 46, no. 3 (2020): 949-956. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4646
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team