Open Access

Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Giulia C. Leonardi
    • Luca Falzone
    • Rossella Salemi
    • Antonino Zanghì
    • Demetrios A. Spandidos
    • James A. Mccubrey
    • Saverio Candido
    • Massimo Libra
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: February 27, 2018     https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4287
  • Pages: 1071-1080
  • Copyright: © Leonardi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

In less than 10 years, melanoma treatment has been revolutionized with the approval of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors, which have been shown to have a significant impact on the prognosis of patients with melanoma. The early steps of this transformation have taken place in research laboratories. The mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, phosphoinositol‑3‑kinase (PI3K) pathway promote the development of melanoma through numerous genomic alterations on different components of these pathways. Moreover, melanoma cells deeply interact with the tumor microenvironment and the immune system. This knowledge has led to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and treatment strategies. In this review, the epidemiological features of cutaneous melanoma along with the biological mechanisms involved in its development and progression are summarized. The current state‑of‑the‑art of advanced stage melanoma treatment strategies and the currently available evidence of the use of predictive and prognostic biomarkers are also discussed.
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April-2018
Volume 52 Issue 4

Print ISSN: 1019-6439
Online ISSN:1791-2423

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Spandidos Publications style
Leonardi GC, Falzone L, Salemi R, Zanghì A, Spandidos DA, Mccubrey JA, Candido S and Libra M: Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review). Int J Oncol 52: 1071-1080, 2018.
APA
Leonardi, G.C., Falzone, L., Salemi, R., Zanghì, A., Spandidos, D.A., Mccubrey, J.A. ... Libra, M. (2018). Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 52, 1071-1080. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4287
MLA
Leonardi, G. C., Falzone, L., Salemi, R., Zanghì, A., Spandidos, D. A., Mccubrey, J. A., Candido, S., Libra, M."Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 52.4 (2018): 1071-1080.
Chicago
Leonardi, G. C., Falzone, L., Salemi, R., Zanghì, A., Spandidos, D. A., Mccubrey, J. A., Candido, S., Libra, M."Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 52, no. 4 (2018): 1071-1080. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4287