Open Access

Current molecular and clinical insights into uveal melanoma (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Matteo Fallico
    • Giuseppina Raciti
    • Antonio Longo
    • Michele  Reibaldi
    • Vincenza Bonfiglio
    • Andrea Russo
    • Rosario Caltabiano
    • Giuseppe  Gattuso
    • Luca Falzone
    • Teresio Avitabile
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: February 18, 2021     https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2021.5190
  • Article Number: 10
  • Copyright: © Fallico et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Uveal melanoma (UM) represents the most prominent primary eye cancer in adults. With an incidence of approximately 5 cases per million individuals annually in the United States, UM could be considered a relatively rare cancer. The 90‑95% of UM cases arise from the choroid. Diagnosis is based mainly on a clinical examination and ancillary tests, with ocular ultrasonography being of greatest value. Differential diagnosis can prove challenging in the case of indeterminate choroidal lesions and, sometimes, monitoring for documented growth may be the proper approach. Fine needle aspiration biopsy tends to be performed with a prognostic purpose, often in combination with radiotherapy. Gene expression profiling has allowed for the grading of UMs into two classes, which feature different metastatic risks. Patients with UM require a specialized multidisciplinary management. Primary tumor treatment can be either enucleation or globe preserving. Usually, enucleation is reserved for larger tumors, while radiotherapy is preferred for small/medium melanomas. The prognosis is unfavorable due to the high mortality rate and high tendency to metastasize. Following the development of metastatic disease, the mortality rate increases to 80% within one year, due to both the absence of an effective treatment and the aggressiveness of the condition. Novel molecular studies have allowed for a better understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in UM biological activity, which differs compared to skin melanomas. The most commonly mutated genes are GNAQ, GNA11 and BAP1. Research in this field could help to identify effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as novel therapeutic targets.
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April-2021
Volume 58 Issue 4

Print ISSN: 1019-6439
Online ISSN:1791-2423

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Spandidos Publications style
Fallico M, Raciti G, Longo A, Reibaldi M, Bonfiglio V, Russo A, Caltabiano R, Gattuso G, Falzone L, Avitabile T, Avitabile T, et al: Current molecular and clinical insights into uveal melanoma (Review). Int J Oncol 58: 10, 2021.
APA
Fallico, M., Raciti, G., Longo, A., Reibaldi, M., Bonfiglio, V., Russo, A. ... Avitabile, T. (2021). Current molecular and clinical insights into uveal melanoma (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 58, 10. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2021.5190
MLA
Fallico, M., Raciti, G., Longo, A., Reibaldi, M., Bonfiglio, V., Russo, A., Caltabiano, R., Gattuso, G., Falzone, L., Avitabile, T."Current molecular and clinical insights into uveal melanoma (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 58.4 (2021): 10.
Chicago
Fallico, M., Raciti, G., Longo, A., Reibaldi, M., Bonfiglio, V., Russo, A., Caltabiano, R., Gattuso, G., Falzone, L., Avitabile, T."Current molecular and clinical insights into uveal melanoma (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 58, no. 4 (2021): 10. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2021.5190