New insights into the management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents (Review)
- Authors:
- André B. Zanella
- Rafael Selbach Scheffel
- Letícia Weinert
- José Miguel Dora
- Ana Luiza Maia
-
Affiliations: Thyroid Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-003, Brazil, Endocrine Division, Hospital Escola, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96160-000, Brazil - Published online on: March 1, 2021 https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2021.5193
- Article Number: 13
This article is mentioned in:
Abstract
Enemoto Y, Enomoto K, Uchino S, Shibuya H, Watanabe S and Noguchi S: Clinical features, treatment and long-term outcome of papillary thyroid cancer in children and adolescents without radiation exposure. World J Surg. 36:1241–1246. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Bleyer A, Leary O, Barr M and Ries LAG: Cancer epidemiology in older adolescents and young adults 15 to 29 years of age, including SEER incidence and survival 1975-2000. National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD: (NIH Pub No. 06-5767). 2006 | |
Ministry of Health, National Cancer Institute, Brazilian Society of Pediatric Oncology: Childhood and adolescents cancer in Brazil: Data from mortality and population-based registries. https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.inca.local/files//media/document//childhood-adolescent-cancer-2009.pdf. | |
Holmes L, Hossain J and Opara F: Pediatric thyroid carcinoma incidence and temporal trends in the USA (1973-2007): Race or shifting diagnostic paradigm? ISRN Oncol. 2012:9061972012.PubMed/NCBI | |
Golpanian S, Perez EA, Tashiro J, Lew JI, Sola JE and Hogan AR: Pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma: Outcomes and survival predictors in 2504 patients. Pedriatr Surg Int. 32:201–208. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Vaisman F, Corbo R and Vaisman M: Thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents-systematic review of the literature. J Thyroid Res. 845362:2011. | |
Park S, Jeong JS, Ryu HR, Lee CR, Park JH, Kang SW, Jeong JJ, Nam KH, Chung KY and Park CS: Differentiated thyroid carcinoma of children and adolescents: 27-year experience in the Yonsei University Health System. J Korean Med Sci. 28:693–699. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Paulson VA, Rudzinski ER and Hawkins DS: Thyroid cancer in the pediatric population. Genes (Basel). 10:7232019. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Ceolin L, Duval MADS, Benini AF, Ferreira CV and Maia AL: Medullary thyroid carcinoma beyond surgery: Advances, challenges, and perspectives. Endocr Relat Cancer. 26:R499–R518. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Markovina S, Grigsby PW, Schwarz JK, DeWees T, Moley JF, Siegel BA and Perkins SM: Treatment approach, surveillance, and outcome of well-differentiated thyroid cancer in childhood and adolescence. Thyroid. 24:1121–1126. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Tuttle RM, Vaisman F and Tronko MD: Clinical presentation and clinical outcomes in Chernobyl-related pediatric thyroid cancers: What do we know now? What can we expect in the future? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 23:268–275. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Massimino M, Evens DB, Podda M, Spinelli C, Collini P, Pizzi N and Bleyer A: Thyroid cancer in adolescents and young adults. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 65:e270252018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Francis GL, Waguespack SG, Bauer AJ, Angelos P, Benvenga S, Cerutti JM, Dinauer CA, Hamilton J, Hay ID, Luster M, et al: Management guidelines for children with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 25:716–759. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Waguespack SG, Sherman SI, Williams MD, Clayman GL and Herzog CE: The successful use of Sorafenib to treat pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 19:407–412. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Iyer P, Mayer JLR and Ewig JM: Response to Sorafenib in a pediatric patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma with diffuse nodular pulmonary disease requiring mechanical ventilation. Thyroid. 24:169–174. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Higuchi Y, Motoky T, Ishida H, Kanamitsu K, Washio K, Oyama T, Noda T, Tsurumaru Y, Okada A, Tsukahara H and Shimada A: Sorafenib treatment for papillary thyroid carcinoma with diffuse lung metastases in a child with autism spectrum disorder: A Case Report. BMC Cancer. 17:7752017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Mahajan P, Dawrant J, Kheradpour A, Quintanilla NM, Lopez ME, Orth RC, Athanassaki I and Venkatramani R: Response to Lenvatinib in children with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 28:1450–1454. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Welch Dinauer CA, Tuttle RM, Robie DK, McClellan DR, Svec RL, Adair C and Francis GL: Clinical features associated with metastasis and recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer in children, adolescents and young adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 49:619–628. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Klein MJ, Smith TH, Samaan NA, Frankenthaler RA, Goepfert H, Cangir A and Haynie TP: Pulmonary metastases in children and young adults with differentiated thyroid cancer. Cancer. 71:1348–1352. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Demidchik YE, Demidchik EP, Reiners C, Biko J, Mine M, Saenko VA and Yamashita S: Comprehensive clinical assessment of 740 cases of surgically treated thyroid cancer in children of Belarus. Ann Surg. 243:525–532. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Newman KD, Black T, Heller G, Azizkhan RG, Holcomb GW III, Sklar C, Vlamis V, Haase GM and La Quaglia MP: Differentiated thyroid cancer: Determinants of disease progression in patients <21 years of age at diagnosis: A report from the surgical discipline committee of the Children's cancer group. Ann Surg. 227:533–541. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Wada N, Sugino K, Mimura T, Nagahama M, Kitagawa W, Shibuya H, Ohkuwa K, Nakayama H, Hirakawa S, Rino Y, et al: Pediatric differentiated thyroid carcinoma in stage I: Risk factor analysis for disease free survival. BMC Cancer. 9:3062009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Jarzab B, Handkiewicz Junak D, Wloch J, Kalemba B, Roskosz J, Kukulska A and Puch Z: Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children. Eur J Nucl Med. 27:833–841. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Wada N, Sugino K, Mimura T, Nagahama M, Kitagawa W, Shibuya H, Ohkuwa K, Nakayama H, Hirakawa S, Yukawa N, et al: Treatment strategy of papillary thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents: Clinical significance of the initial nodal manifestation. Ann Surg Oncol. 16:3442–3449. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Koo JS, Hong S and Park CS: Diffuse sclerosing variant is a major subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma in the young. Thyroid. 19:1225–1231. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Mazzaferri EL and Kloos RT: Clinical review 128: Current approaches to primary therapy for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86:1447–1463. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Sugg SL, Ezzat S, Rosen IB, Freeman JL and Asa SL: Distinct multiple RET/PTC gene rearrangements in multifocal papillary thyroid neoplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 83:4116–4122. 1998.PubMed/NCBI | |
Zaydfudim V, Feurer ID, Griffin MR and Phay JE: The impact of lymph node involvement on survival in patients with papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 144:1070–1078. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Leboulleux S, Baudin E, Hartl DW, Travagli JP and Schlumberger M: Follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer in children. Horm Res. 63:145–151. 2005.PubMed/NCBI | |
Pawelczak M, David R, Franklin B, Kessler M, Lam L and Shah B: Outcomes of children and adolescents with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma and pulmonary metastases following 131I Treatment: A systematic review. Thyroid. 20:1095–1101. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Sabra MM, Grewal RK, Tala H, Larson SM and Tuttle RM: Clinical outcomes following empiric radioiodine therapy in patients with structurally identifiable metastatic follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinoma with negative diagnostic but positive post-therapy 131I whole-body scans. Thyroid. 22:877–883. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Zanella AB, Scheffel RS, Nava CF, Golbert L, Meyer ELS, Punales M, Gonçalves I, Dora JM and Maia AL: Dynamic risk stratification in the follow-up of children and adolescents with differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 28:1285–1292. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Scheffel RS, Zanella AB, Antunes D, Dora JM and Maia AL: Low recurrence rates in a cohort of differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients: A referral center experience. Thyroid. 25:883–889. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Park S, Kim WG, Song E, Oh HS, Kim M, Kwon H, Jeon MJ, Kim TY, Shong YK and Kim WB: Dynamic risk stratification for predicting recurrence in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer treated without radioactive iodine remnant ablation therapy. Thyroid. 27:524–530. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Krajewska J, Jarzab M, Czarniecka A, Roskosz J, Kukulska A, Handkiewicz-Junak D, Puch Z, Wygoda Z, Paliczka-Cieślik E, Kropińska A, et al: Ongoing risk stratification for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC)-stimulated serum thyroglobulin (Tg) before radioiodine (RAI) ablation, the most potent risk factor of cancer recurrence in M0 patients. Endokrynol Pol. 67:2–11. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Doherty GM, Mandel SJ, Nikiforov YE, Pacini F, Randolph GW, Sawka AM, Schlumberger M, et al: 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: The American Thyroi. Thyroid. 26:1–133. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
Vaisman F, Bulzico D, Pessoa CHCN, Bordallo MA, Mendonça UB, Dias FL, Coeli CM, Corbo R and Vaisman M: Prognostic factors of a good response to initial therapy in children and adolescents with differentiated thyroid cancer. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 66:281–286. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Mihailovic J, Nikoletic K and Srbovan D: Recurrent disease in juvenile differentiated thyroid carcinoma: Prognostic factors, treatments, and outcomes. J Nucl Med. 55:710–717. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Pires BP, Alves PA, Bordallo MA, Bulzico DA, Lopes FPPL, Farias T, Dias F, Lima RA, Gisler ICS, Coeli CM, et al: Prognostic factors for early and long-term remission in pediatric differentiated thyroid cancer: The role of sex, age, clinical presentation and the newly proposed American Thyroid Association risk stratification system. Thyroid. 26:1480–1487. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Verburg FA, Mäder U, Luster M, Hänscheid H and Reiners C: Determinants of successful ablation and complete remission after total thyroidectomy and I131 therapy of pediatric differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 42:1390–1398. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Rosário PW, Ward LS, Carvalho GA, Graf H, Maciel RM, Maciel LM, Maia AL and Vaisman M; Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia: Thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: Update on the Brazilian consensus. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 57:240–264. 2013.In En, Portuguese. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Hannequin P, Liehn JC and Delisle MJ: Multifactorial analysis of survival in thyroid cancer. Pitfalls of applying the results of published studies to another population. Cancer. 58:1749–175. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
DeGroot LJ, Kaplan EL, Straus FH and Shukla MS: Does the method of management of papillary thyroid carcinoma make a difference in outcome? World J Surg. 18:123–130. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Tuttle RM, Morris LF, Haugen B, et al: Thyroid-Differentiated and Anaplastic Carcinoma (Chapter 73). AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, et al: 8th edition. Springer International Publishing; New York, NY: 2017, View Article : Google Scholar | |
Tala H and Tuttle RM: Contemporary post-surgical management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 22:419–429. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Tuttle RM, Tala H, Shah J, Leboeuf R, Ghossein R, Gonen M, Brokhin M, Omry G, Fagin JA and Shaha A: Estimating risk of recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine remnant ablation: Using response to therapy variables to modify the initial estimates predicted by the new American Thyroid Association Staging System. Thyroid. 20:1341–1349. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Momesso DP and Tuttle RM: Update on differentiated thyroid cancer staging. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 43:401–421. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Vaisman F, Momesso D, Bulzico DA, Pessoa CH, Dias F, Corbo R, Vaisman M and Tuttle RM: Spontaneous remission in thyroid cancer patients after biochemical incomplete response to initial therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 77:132–138. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Lazar L, Lebhental Y, Segal K, Steinmetz A, Strenov Y, Cohen M, Yaniv I, Yackobovitch-Gavan M and Phillip M: Pediatric thyroid cancer: Post-operative classifications and response-to-initial-therapy as prognostic factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 101:1970–1979. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Sung TY, Jeon MJ, Lee YH, Lee YM, Kwon H, Yoon JH, Chung KW, Kim WG, Song DE and Hong SJ: Initial and dynamic risk stratification of pediatric patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 102:793–800. 2017. | |
Mazzaferri EL, Robbins RJ, Spencer CA, Braverman LE, Pacini F, Wartofsky L, Haugen BR, Sherman SI, Cooper DS, Braunstein GD, et al: A consensus report of the role of serum thyroglobulin as a monitoring method for low-risk patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 88:1433–1441. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Hanscheid H, Verburg FA, Biko J, Diessl S, Demidchik YE, Drozd V and Reiners C: Success of the post-operative 131I therapy in young Belarusian patients with differentiated thyroid cancer after Chernobyl depends on the radiation absorbed dose to the blood and the thyroglobulin level. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 38:1296–1302. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Zanella A, Scheffel RS, Pasa MW, Dora JM and Maia AL: Role of post-operative stimulated thyroglobulin as prognostic factor for differentiated thyroid cancer in children and adolescents. Thyroid. 27:787–792. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Liu L, Zhang X, Tian T, Huang R and Liu B: Prognostic value of pre-ablation stimulated thyroglobulin in children and adolescents with differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 30:1017–1024. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Verburg FA, Luster M, Cupini C, Chiovato L, Duntas L, Elisei R, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Rimmele H, Seregni E, Smit JW, et al: Implications of thyroglobulin antibody positivity in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: A clinical position statement. Thyroid. 23:1211–1225. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Spencer CA: Clinical review: Clinical utility of thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) measurements for patients with differentiated thyroid cancers (DTC)). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 96:3615–3627. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Spencer CA, Takeuchi M, Kazarosyan M, Wang CC, Guttler RB, Singer PA, Fatemi S, LoPresti JD and Nicoloff JT: Serum thyroglobulin autoantibodies: Prevalence, influence on serum thyroglobulin measurement, and prognostic significance in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 83:1121–1127. 1998.PubMed/NCBI | |
Kim WG, Yoon JH, Kim WB, Kim TY, Kim EY, Kim JM, Ryu JS, Gong G, Hong SJ and Shong YK: Change of serum antithyroglobulin antibody levels is useful for prediction of clinical recurrence in thyroglobulin-negative patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 93:4683–4689. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Chiovato L, Latrofa F, Braverman LE, Pacini F, Capezzone M, Masserini L, Grasso L and Pinchera A: Disappearance of humoral thyroid autoimmunity after complete removal of thyroid antigens. Ann Intern Med. 139:346–351. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Xing M, Alzahrani AS, Carson KA, Viola D, Elisei R, Bendlova B, Yip L, Mian C, Vianello F, Tuttle RM, et al: Association between BRAF V600E mutation and mortality in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. JAMA. 309:1493–1501. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Tufano RP, Teixeira GV, Bishop J, Carson KA and Xing M: BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer and its value in tailoring initial treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 91:274–286. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Bauer AJ: Molecular genetics of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 46:389–403. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Hsiao SJ and Nikiforov YE: Molecular approach to thyroid cancer diagnosis. Endocr Relat Cancer. 21:T301–T313. 2014.PubMed/NCBI | |
Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network: Integrated genomic characterization of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cell. 159:676–690. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Nikiforov YE, Rowland JM, Bove KE, Monforte-Munoz H and Fagin JA: Distinct pattern of RET oncogene rearrangements in morphological variants of radiation-induced and sporadic thyroid papillary carcinomas in children. Cancer Res. 57:1690–1694. 1997.PubMed/NCBI | |
Fenton C, Anderson J, Lukes Y, Dinauer CA, Tuttle RM and Francis GL: Ras mutations are uncommon in sporadic thyroid cancer in children and Young adults. J Endocrinol Invest. 22:781–789. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Fenton C, Lukes Y, Nicholson D, Dinauer CA, Francis GL and Tuttle RM: The RET/PTC mutations are common in sporadic papillary thyroid carcinoma of Children and young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85:1170–1175. 2000.PubMed/NCBI | |
Kumagai A, Namba H, Saenko VA, Ashizawa K, Ohtsuru A, Ito M, Ishikawa N, Sugino K, Ito K, Jeremiah S, et al: Low frequency of BRAF T1796A mutation in childhood thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 89:4280–4284. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Penko K, Livezey J, Fenton C, Patel A, Nicholson D, Flora M, Oakley K, Tuttle RM and Francis G: BRAF mutations are uncommon in papillary thyroid cancer of Young patients. Thyroid. 15:320–325. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Nikiforova MN, Ciampi R, Salvatore G, Santoro M, Gandhi M, Knauf JA, Thomas GA, Jeremiah S, Bogdanova TI, Tronko MD, et al: Low prevalence of BRAF mutations in radiation-induced thyroid tumors in contrast to sporadic papillary carcinomas. Cancer Lett. 209:1–6. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Rosenbaum E, Hosler G, Zahurak M, Cohen Y, Sidransky D and Westra WH: Mutational activation of BRAF is not a major event in sporadic childhood papillary thyroid carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 18:898–902. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Sassolas G, Hafdi-Nejjari Z, Ferraro A, Decaussin-Petrucci M, Rousset B, Borson-Chazot F, Borbone E, Berger N and Fusco A: Oncogenic alterations in papillary thyroid cancers of young patients. Thyroid. 22:17–26. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Ricarte-Filho JC, Li S, Garcia-Rendueles ME, Montero-Conde C, Voza F, Knauf JA, Heguy A, Viale A, Bogdanova T, Thomas GA, et al: Identification of kinase fusion oncogenes in post-Chernobyl radiation-induced thyroid cancers. J Clin Invest. 123:4935–4944. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Henke LE, Perkins SM, Pfeifer JD, Ma C, Chen Y, DeWees T and Grigsby PW: BRAF V600E mutational status in pediatric thyroid cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 61:1168–1172. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Givens DJ, Buchmann LO, Agarwal AM, Grimmer JF and Hunt JP: BRAF V600E does not predict aggressive features of pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 24:E389–E393. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Prasad ML, Vyas M, Horne MJ, Virk RK, Morotti R, Liu Z, Tallini G, Nikiforova MN, Christison-Lagay ER, Udelsman R, et al: NTRK fusion oncogenes in pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma in northeast United Sates. Cancer. 122:1097–1107. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Alzahrani AS, Qasem E, Murugan AK, Al-Hindi HN, AlKhafaji D, Almohanna M, Xing M, Alhomaidah D and AlSwailem M: Uncommon TERT promoter mutations in pediatric thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 26:235–241. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Nikita ME, Jiang W, Cheng SM, Hantash FM, McPhaul MJ, Newbury RO, Phillips SA, Reitz RE, Waldman FM and Newfield RS: Mutational analysis in pediatric thyroid cancer and correlations with age, ethnicity and clinical presentation. Thyroid. 6:227–234. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Onder S, Ozturk Sari S, Yegen G, Sormaz IC, Yilmaz I, Poyrazoglu S, Sanlı Y, Giles Senyurek Y, Kapran Y and Mete O: Classic architecture with multicentricity and local recurrence, and absence of TERT promoter mutations are correlates of BRAF (V600E) harboring pediatric papillary thyroid carcinomas. Endocr Pathol. 27:153–161. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Gertz RJ, Nikiforov Y, Rehrauer W, McDaniel L and Lloyd RV: Mutation in BRAF and other members of the MAPK pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma in the pediatric population. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 140:134–139. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Ballester LY, Sarabia SF, Sayeed H, Patel N, Baalwa J, Athanassaki I, Hernandez JA, Fang E, Quintanilla NM, Roy A and López-Terrada DH: Integrating molecular testing in the diagnosis and management of children with thyroid lesions. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 19:94–100. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Picarsic JL, Buryk MA, Ozolek J, Ranganathan S, Monaco SE, Simons JP, Witchel SF, Gurtunca N, Joyce J, Zhong S, et al: Molecular characterization of sporadic pediatric thyroid carcinoma with the DNA/RNA Thyro/Seq v2 next-generation sequencing assay. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 19:115–122. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Cordioli MI, Moraes L, Bastos AU, Besson P, Alves MTS, Delcelo R, Monte O, Longui C, Cury AN and Cerutti JM: Fusion oncogenes are the main genetic events found in the sporadic papillary thyroid carcinomas from children. Thyroid. 27:182–188. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Geng J, Wang H, Liu Y, Tai J, Jin Y, Zhang J, He L, Fu L, Qin H, Song Y, et al: Correlation between BRAF V600E mutation and clinicopathological features in pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma. Sci China Life Sci. 60:729–738. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Poyrazoglu S, Bundak R, Bas F, Yeğen G, Şanlı Y and Darendeliler F: Clinicopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer in children with emphasis on pubertal status and association with BRAFV600E mutation. J Clin Res Pedriatr Endocrinolol. 9:185–193. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Hardee S, Prasad ML, Hui P, Dinauer CA and Morotti RA: Pathologic characteristics, natural history, and prognostic implications of BRAF V600E mutation in pediatric thyroid carcinoma. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 20:206–212. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Alzahrani AS, Murugan AK, Qasem E, Alswailem M, Al-Hindi H and Shi Y: Single point mutations in pediatric differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 27:189–196. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Wasserman JD, Sabbaghian N, Fahiminiya S, Chami R, Mete O, Acker M, Wu MK, Shlien A, de Kock L and Foulkes WD: DICER1 mutations are frequent in adolescent-onset papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 103:2009–2015. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Romitti M, Ceolin L, Siqueira DR, Ferreira CV, Wajner SM and Maia AL: Signaling pathways in follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinomas (review). Int J Oncol. 42:19–28. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Rangel-Pozzo A, Sisdelli S, Cordiolo MIV, Vaisman F, Caria P, Mai S and Cerutti JM: Genetic landscape of papillary thyroid carcinoma and nuclear architecture: An overview comparing pediatric and adult populations. Cancers (Basel). 12:E31462020. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Prasad PK, Mahajan P, Hawkins DS, Mostoufi-Moab S and Venkatramani R: Management of pediatric differentiated thyroid cancer: An overview for the pediatric oncologist. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 67:e281412020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Brose MS, Nutting CM, Jarzab B, Elisei R, Siena S, Bastholt L, de la Fouchardiere C, Pacini F, Paschke R, Shong YK, et al: Sorafenib in locally advanced or metastatic, radioactive iodine-refractory, differentiated thyroid cancer: A randomized, double-blind, Phase 3 trial. Lancet. 384:319–328. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Schlumberger M, Tahara M, Wirth LJ, Robinson B, Brose MS, Elisei R, Habra MA, Newbold K, Shah MH, Hoff AO, et al: Lenvatinib versus placebo in radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer. N Eng J Med. 372:621–630. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Drilon A, Laetsch TW, Kummar S, DuBois SG, Lassen UN, Demetri GD, Nathenson M, Doebele RC, Farago AF, Pappo AS, et al: Eficacy of Larotrectinib in TRK fusion-positive cancers in adults and children. N Engl J Med. 378:731–739. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Laetsch TW, DuBois SG, Mascarenhas L, Turpin B, Federman N, Albert CM, Nagasubramanian R, Davis JL, Rudzinski E, Feraco AM, et al: Larotrectinib for pediatric solid tumours harbouring NTRK gene fusions: Phase 1 results from a multicentre, open-label, phase 1/2 study. Lancet Oncol. 19:705–714. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI |