Rapid detection of nasopharyngeal cancer using Raman spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis

Li,Yongzeng; Huang,Wei; Pan,Jianji; Ye,Qing; Lin,Shaojun; Feng,Shangyuan; Xie,Shusen; Zeng,Haishan; Chen,Rong

doi:10.3892/mco.2014.473

Rapid detection of nasopharyngeal cancer using Raman spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis

Authors:
- Yongzeng Li
- Wei Huang
- Jianji Pan
- Qing Ye
- Shaojun Lin
- Shangyuan Feng
- Shusen Xie
- Haishan Zeng
- Rong Chen
View Affiliations

Affiliations: Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China, Cancer Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China, Imaging Unit ‑ Integrative Oncology Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
Published online on: December 2, 2014 https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2014.473
Pages: 375-380

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

Abstract

Optical spectroscopic techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, have shown promise for in vivo cancer diagnostics in a variety of organs. In this study, the potential use of a home‑made Raman spectral system with a millimeter order excitation laser spot size combined with a multivariate statistical analysis for the rapid detection and discrimination of nasopharyngeal cancer from normal nasopharyngeal tissue was evaluated. Raman scattering signals were acquired from 16 normal and 32 nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissue samples. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) based on principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) were employed to generate diagnostic algorithms for the classification of different nasopharyngeal tissue types. Spectral differences in Raman spectra between the two types of tissues were revealed; the normalized intensities of Raman peaks at 1,001, 1,207 and 1,658 cm‑1 were more intense for nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissue compared to normal tissue, while Raman bands at 848, 936 and 1,446 cm‑1 were stronger in normal nasopharyngeal samples. The PCA‑LDA algorithm together with leave‑one‑out cross validation yields a diagnostic sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 87%, while the PLS method coupled with subwindow permutation analysis improves the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity to 85 and 88%, respectively. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy combined with PCA‑LDA/PLS demonstrated good potential for improving the clinical diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancers.

View Figures

View References

1	Wei WI and Sham JS: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Lancet. 365:2041–2054. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
2	Curado MP, Edwards B, Shin HR, Storm H, Ferlay J, Heanue M and Boyle P: Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Vol IX. IARC Scientific Publications no. 160, Lyon. 443–2007
3	Sun J and Li D: Advances in management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Med Recapitulate. 16:3255–3259. 2010.(In Chinese).
4	Guigay J: Advances in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Curr Opin Oncol. 20:264–269. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
5	Qu JY, Wing P, Huang Z, Kwong D, Sham J, Lee SL, Ho WK and Wei WI: Preliminary study of in vivo autofluorescence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and normal tissue. Lasers Surg Med. 26:432–440. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
6	Wang L and Mizaikoff B: Application of multivariate data-analysis techniques to biomedical diagnostics based on mid-infrared spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem. 391:1641–1654. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
7	Li SX, Chen QY, Zhang YJ, Liu ZM, Xiong HL, Guo ZY, Mai HQ and Liu SH: Detection of nasopharyngeal cancer using confocal Raman spectroscopy and genetic algorithm technique. J Biomed Opt. 17:1250032012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
8	Mizuno A, Kitajima H, Kawauchi K, Muraishi S and Ozaki Y: Near-infrared Fourier transform Raman spectroscopic study of human brain tissues and tumours. J Raman Spectrosc. 25:25–29. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar
9	Haka AS, Volynskaya Z, Gardecki JA, Nazemi J, Shenk R, Wang N, Dasari RR, Fitzmaurice M and Feld MS: Diagnosing breast cancer using Raman spectroscopy: prospective analysis. J Biomed Opt. 14:0540232009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
10	Chowdary MV, Kalyan Kumar K, Mathew S, Rao L, Krishna CM and Kurien J: Biochemical correlation of Raman spectra of normal, benign and malignant breast tissues: a spectral deconvolution study. Biopolymers. 91:539–546. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
11	Krafft C, Codrich D, Pelizzo G and Sergo V: Raman and FTIR microscopic imaging of colon tissue: a comparative study. J Biophotonics. 1:154–169. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
12	Utzinger U, Heintzelman DL, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Malpica A, Follen M and Richards-Kortum R: Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy for in vivo detection of cervical precancers. Appl Spectrosc. 55:955–959. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar
13	Feng S, Chen R, Lin J, Pan J, Wu Y, Li Y, Chen J and Zeng H: Gastric cancer detection based on blood plasma surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy excited by polarized laser light. Biosens Bioelectron. 26:3167–3174. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
14	Short MA, Lam S, McWilliams A, Zhao J, Lui H and Zeng H: Development and preliminary results of an endoscopic Raman probe for potential in vivo diagnosis of lung cancers. Opt Lett. 33:711–713. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
15	Lieber CA, Majumder SK, Billheimer D, Ellis DL and Mahadevan-Jansen A: Raman microspectroscopy for skin cancer detection in vitro. J Biomed Opt. 13:0240132008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
16	Lui H, Zhao J, McLean D and Zeng H: Real-time Raman spectroscopy for in vivo skin cancer diagnosis. Cancer Res. 72:2491–2500. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
17	Lau DP, Huang Z, Lui H, Man CS, Berean K, Morrison MD and Zeng H: Raman spectroscopy for optical diagnosis in normal and cancerous tissue of the nasopharynx - preliminary findings. Lasers Surg Med. 32:210–214. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
18	Li Y, Pan J, Chen G, et al: Micro-Raman spectroscopy study of cancerous and normal nasopharyngeal tissues. J Biomed Opt. 18:270032013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
19	Huang W, Pan JJ, Chen R, Li YZ, Feng SY, Xie SS and Zeng HS: Measurement of nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissue ex vivo by Raman spectroscopy. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 29:1304–1307. 2009.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI
20	Zhao J, Lui H, McLean DI and Zeng H: Automated autofluorescence background subtraction algorithm for biomedical Raman spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc. 61:1225–1232. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
21	Li H, Zeng M, Tan B, Liang Y, Xu Q and Cao D: Recipe for revealing informative metabolites based on model population analysis. Metabolomics. 6:353–361. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar