Effect of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization on cellular immune function and regulatory T cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
- Authors:
- Published online on: August 3, 2015 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.4171
- Pages: 6065-6071
Abstract
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Since China has a high incidence of hepatitis virus infection, the morbidity of HCC is significantly higher than the world average. Each year China has ~110,000 cases of mortality due to HCC (1–3). Numerous factors contribute to the occurrence and development of HCC, among which tumor immune tolerance, is of vital importance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the dominant cells inducing tumor immune tolerance and thus have a significant role in the development of HCC (4–6). HCC, with a high degree of malignancy, is often in an advanced stage when it is initially diagnosed. The majority of patients have no opportunity for the tumor to be resected, and therefore, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the preferred method of treatment (7). Although this method has been widely used in clinical treatment, whether it effects the expression of Tregs in patients with HCC remains to be elucidated. The present study investigated, from the perspective of tumor immunity, the impact of TACE on Tregs and the cellular immune function of patients with HCC prior to and following TACE.
Materials and methods
Patient characteristics
A total of 47 patients (40 males and 7 females; average age, 51.7±12.3 years old) from West China Hospital (Chengdu, China) and Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College (Nanchong, China) were collected between June 2008 and September 2011, which were diagnosed as HCC, according to clinical symptoms, imaging (CT or MRI) and AFP (an oncofetal protein of ~72 kDa, which is produced by normal gastrointestinal cells, yolk sac cells and fetal hepatocytes immediately following birth), without anticarcinogenic drug therapy, immunostimulants or immunosuppressive agent therapy (8). Written, informed consent was obtained from the patients and the study was approved by the Ethics Committees of the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College (Nanchong, China) and the West Hospital of Sichuan University, (Chengdu, China).
Reagents and equipment
Mouse anti-human CD4 antibody (cat. no. EB11004873) labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), mouse anti-human CD25 antibody (cat. no. EB12025973) labeled with phycoerythrin (PE), mouse anti-human CD8 antibody (cat. no. EB12043197) labeled with PE-CY and the isotypic control antibody of mouse anti human immunoglobulin G1 labeled with FITC, PE and PE-CY5 were purchased from eBioscience, Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA). A flow cytometer (P07900102; BD Biosciences, Franklin. Lakes, NJ, USA) and an ELISA kit (America ADA Company, USA) were also used in the present study.
TACE
A total of 3 ml venous blood was obtained from patients with HCC and healthy individuals with an EDTA-K2 anticoagulants mining vessel (BD Bioscience) 1 day prior to TACE and 1 month following TACE. For TACE, the Seldinger technique was used percutaneously via the right femoral artery for superselective catheter insertion into the right or left hepatic artery, which was determined by the location of the tumor (9). Subsequently, injection of lipiodol (Di Xin Chemical Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) and chemotherapeutic drug suspension was administered through the transcatheter, which included lipiodol epirubicin (3–12 ml; Di Xin Chemical Co., Ltd.), epirubicin 30–50 mg and 5-FU (Yezhou Sheng Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China; 1.0 g). The dose of lipiodol and the chemotherapeutic drug were determined according to the size of the tumor and liver function condition. If the tumor diameter was >5 cm the lipiodol dose was 12 ml and the epirubicin dose was 40 mg. If the tumor diameter was <5 cm the lipiodol dose was 6 ml and the epirubicin dose was 40 mg. Gelatin sponge particles were used to embolize the hepatic artery to reduce the rate of blood flow.
Flow cytometry
The-cell surface expression levels of CD4, CD8 and CD25 were evaluated using flow cytometry, followed by incubation with FITC-conjugated anti-CD4 antibody, PE-conjugated anti-CD25 antibody and PE-CY5-conjugated anti-CD8 antibody at room temperature. FITC-conjugated mouse IgG, PE-conjugated mouse IgG or PE-CY5-conjugated mouse IgG (Becton Dickinson) were respectively incubated with the cells as a control. After 10 min, red cells were removed using lysis buffer, and were washed once with PBS. The cells were resuspended in 0.5 ml PBS. Analysis was performed on the results obtained from at least 10,000 cells, which were acquired on a FACSCalibur (BD Bioscience). An ELISA assay was used to determine the content of interleukin (IL)-35 in the peripheral blood, according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Statistical analysis
The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation and analyzed using the SPSS 16.0 software package (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Alteration of T cell subsets in the peripheral blood of patients with HCC
Flow cytometry of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with HCC and normal control individuals were compared in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively. The proportion of CD4+ T cells in the PBMC of patients with HCC was lower compared with that of the normal control group (26.71±5.57, vs. 34.74±2.86%; P<0.05), while the percentage of CD8+ T cells was higher in the patients with HCC compared with the normal control group (25.99±4.61, vs. 20.73±1.33%; P<0.05). The ratio of CD4+ T cells to CD8+ T cells was lower compared with the control group (1.03±0.14, vs. 1.68±0.16; P<0.05). As shown in Table I, the patients with HCC exhibited lower cellular immune function compared with the healthy individuals.
Table IComparison of T cell subsets in peripheral blood between patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and controls (mean ± standard deviation). |
Change of T cell subsets in the peripheral blood of patients with HCC prior to and following TACE
As shown in Figs. 3 and 4, the present study assessed the CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with HCC prior to and following TACE by flow cytometric analysis. The comparison between prior to and following TACE is demonstrated in Table II. The proportion of CD4+ T cells in the PBMCs of patients with HCC prior to and following TACE was 26.71±5.57, vs. 30.52±4.19% (P<0.05) and that of CD8+ T cells was 25.99±4.61, vs. 23.91±3.50% (P<0.05). The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells was 1.03±0.14, vs. 1.29±0.14 (P<0.05). These results demonstrated that the cellular immune function was partially restored in patients with HCC following TACE treatment.
Table IIComparison of T cell subsets in the peripheral blood of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma prior to and following TACE (mean ± standard deviation). |
Treg proportion in the peripheral blood of patients with HCC
CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells were detected in the peripheral blood of patients with HCC and healthy individuals by flow cytometric analysis. These results are presented in Fig. 5. The detection results of the two groups were analyzed in Table III. The percentage of CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells in CD4+ T cells isolated from the peripheral blood of patients with HCC was higher compared with the normal control group (11.12±3.58, vs. 4.98±1.45%; P<0.05). The percentage of CD4+ CD25 high T cells in CD4+ T cells (3.34±0.79, vs. 1.32±0.23%; P<0.05) was markedly higher in patients with HCC. The present study suggested that the tumor microenvironment may promote proliferation of Treg.
Table IIIComparison of the percentage of regulatory T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with HCC compared with the control group (mean ± standard deviation). |
Influence of Tregs in the peripheral blood of patients with HCC prior to and following TACE
Flow cytometry was performed to detect the CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells, which were isolated in the peripheral blood of patients with HCC prior to and following TACE (Fig. 6). The percentage of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells in CD4+ T cells and CD4+CD25high T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with HCC following TACE was reduced, compared with prior to TACE (Table IV). The percentage of CD4+ CD25+ T cells decreased from 11.12±3.58% prior to TACE to 7.58±2.65% following TACE (P<0.05), and the percentage of CD4+ CD25 high T cells was reduced from 3.34±0.79% prior to TACE to 2.11±0.67% following TACE (P<0.05). These results demonstrated that the proportion of Treg cells in the patients with HCC following TACE treatment decreased and its immunosuppressive function was reduced.
Table IVComparison of the percentage of regulatory T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma prior to and following TACE (mean ± standard deviation). |
IL-35 in the peripheral blood of patients with HCC
The quantity of IL-35 in the peripheral blood of patients with HCC prior to and following TACE, and the healthy individuals was detected by an ELISA. The quantities were 369.66±95.53, 352.28±107.50 and 316.24±89.21 pg/ml, respectively. The analysis revealed no statistically significant difference between the groups (P>0.05).
Change of AFP in the peripheral blood of patients with HCC prior to and following TACE
Among the 43 patients diagnosed with HCC who were followed-up during the entire investigation, 32 patients (76.2% of total) were positive for AFP (AFP >20 ng/l). Following TACE (1 month), the quantity of AFP was decreased to 827±981 ng/l, which was markedly lower than prior to TACE (1,647±1,649 ng/l; P<0.05). These results indicated that TACE is effective for the treatment of patients with HCC.
Correlation of index
The change in the percentage of Treg cells in CD4+ T cells and the quantity of IL-35 demonstrated a positive correlation with the change in AFP (P<0.05), with correlation coefficients of 0.401 and 0.227, respectively. However, the number of Tregs and the concentration of IL-35 revealed no significant correlation (P>0.05).
CT images of patients with HCC prior to and following TACE
The CT images of patients with HCC following TACE (1 month) were assessed and they displayed clear Lipiodol deposition in the tumor region (Fig. 7). A total of 30 patients with HCC underwent CT examination prior to and following TACE and follow-up results from those CT graphs were obtained. The tumors were significantly reduced compared with that prior to TACE in 17/30 (56.67%) patients. The tumor in 10/30 (33.33%) patients remained unchanged prior to and following TACE. The tumor in 3/30 (10%) patients were larger than prior to TACE.
Discussion
HCC has a 5-year survival rate of <5% and is the fifth most common type of cancer worldwide (10). There are at least 1 million novel cases per year (10). When HCC occurs, there are two antitumor mechanisms, cellular immunity and humoral immunity. The former exhibits a dominant role in the antitumor immune response. T lymphocytes, particularly, are key in immune regulation and immune surveillance during this whole process. T lymphocytes are divided into two major subsets, CD4+ and CD8+, and the constant ratio of CD4+/CD8+ cells maintains the balance of the cellular immune response. If the ratio is significantly lower, the host immune function is weakened and this weakened antitumor effect is conducive to tumorigenesis and development (11). Several previous studies have substantiated that the immune function of patients with cancer are suppressed, which is predominantly displayed as the decrease of CD4+, ratio of CD4+/CD8+ and natural killer (NK) cells; however, the changes in CD8+ occur at different degrees. The present study demonstrated that the proportion of CD4+ cells and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ was markedly decreased, while the proportion of CD8+ was significantly increased in the PBMCs of the patients with HCC. These results suggested that the cellular immune function of the patients with HCC was weakened or inhibited.
It is important to understand how the quality and magnitude of the adaptive immune response to nonself-antigens is controlled, so as to avoid damage to the host. Tregs have an indispensable role in maintaining immunological unresponsiveness to self-antigens and in suppressing excessive immune responses deleterious to the host (12). Tregs, as major subsets of the T lymphocyte lineage in the healthy adult, is not only associated with tumor development, but is also important for the treatment and prognosis of the tumor (13). Immunological self tolerance is maintained, at least in part, by Treg cells, which actively and dominantly control potentially hazardous self-reactive T cells in the periphery (14). Since the majority of tumor antigens are self-antigens, the host usually maintains immunological unresponsiveness to the early primary tumor. There is a certain association between the formation of this tumor immune tolerance and Tregs. Once Tregs are activated they can suppress CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in a non-antigen-specific manner, thereby inhibiting these effector lymphocyte antitumor responses. Previous studies have demonstrated that the proportion of Tregs in the peripheral blood of patients with cancer is higher compared with that in healthy individuals. Tregs can inhibit the proliferation, differentiation and function of B cells, T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells by the secretion of inhibitory cytokines, including IL-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and can subsequently directly suppress the proliferation and activity of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, NK cells and other immune cells, which performs an immunosuppressive effect, leading to tumor immune tolerance (15–17). Other previous studies revealed that the quantity of Treg cells is increased in the peripheral blood and tumor tissue of patients with HCC (18,19). Among 35 peripheral blood specimens of patients with HCC, the results confirmed that the proportion of CD4+CD25+ T cells and CD4+CD25high T cells in the total CD4+ T cells was significantly higher compared with that of healthy adults. The number of Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment may be correlated with clinical tumor-node-metastasis stage in HCC (20), which suggested that there may be an immune mediation network in the tumor microenvironment and that Tregs are important in this network. At the early stages of tumor development, Treg cells assist tumor cell escape of the surveillance of immune cells and enable them to proliferate. Additionally, factors, including APC (macrophage cells) (21) and myeloid suppressor cells (CD14+-HLA-DR−/low) (22) in tumor tissue, as well as TGF-β1 (23) and SDF-1 (24), can also stimulate and increase the concentration of Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment. This increased level of Treg cells continues to assist tumor cells in escaping immune attack, accelerate growth and deteriorate, by inhibiting NK cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (15,24,25). Tregs and HCC reinforce each other to create a vicious cycle. If the tumor could be destroyed or excised, this cycle would be inhibited. Currently, there are several therapeutic methods, including surgical resection, liver transplantation, radiofrequency ablation, TACE and systemic chemotherapy, which prevent HCC metastasis and recurrence. Immunotherapy is an important strategy for the treatment of HCC, which may maximize the killing of tumor cells without harming normal cells.
The crucial problem with HCC immunotherapy being implemented is the low efficiency of the immune response induced. It is precisely a phenomenon, in which the Treg cells are a major factor for inhibiting the specific tumor immune response in patients with HCC patients (26,27). Therefore, the induction of Treg cells may be reduced by destroying the tumor microenvironment to increase the efficacy of antitumor immune and HCC immunotherapy.
TACE is the preferred method of treatment for unresectable advanced HCC. Although TACE has been widely used clinically, it remains unclear if it may improve the immune status of patients with HCC and affect the quantity and function of Tregs. The present study demonstrated that the tumor volume of patients with HCC was substantially reduced following TACE treatment. In addition, the number of Treg cells in the peripheral blood decreased significantly, the proportion of CD4+ T cells and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells increased by varying degrees. The Treg cells exhibited a positive correlation with the change of AFP prior to and following TACE. These results indicated that TACE improved the patients immune status and weakened the immune tolerance to increase the antitumor effects by reducing tumor burden and decreasing Tregs in the peripheral blood.
Previous studies demonstrated that Treg cells in patients with HCC performed tumor immune evasion by inhibiting NK cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (15,24,25). Treg cells in the tumor tissue can suppress the immunologic effector T cells, including T cells, NK cells and dendritic cells, by a variety of mechanisms. Collison et al (28) revealed IL-35 as a novel immunosuppressive cytokine, which is important in the process of native Treg immunosuppression. Whether the Treg cells in patients with HCC perform their suppression via IL-35 remains to be elucidated. The results from the present study demonstrated that the level of IL-35 in the peripheral blood is not significantly different between patients with HCC and healthy adults. The level of IL-35 revealed no significant decrease prior to and following TACE. The change in Tregs and the level of IL-35 revealed no significant correlation. Therefore, the present study cannot infer that the Treg cells in patients with HCC perform immune suppression via IL-35 in vivo.
Acknowledgments
This study was financially supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no's 30700773; 81070378 and 81270561).
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