Comparison of antioxidant activity between green and roasted coffee beans using molecular methods

Priftis,Alexandros; Stagos,Dimitrios; Konstantinopoulos,Konstantinos; Tsitsimpikou,Christina; Spandidos,Demetrios   A.; Tsatsakis,Aristides  M.; Tzatzarakis,Manolis   N.; Kouretas,Demetrios

doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.4377

Comparison of antioxidant activity between green and roasted coffee beans using molecular methods

Authors:
- Alexandros Priftis
- Dimitrios Stagos
- Konstantinos Konstantinopoulos
- Christina Tsitsimpikou
- Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Aristides M. Tsatsakis
- Manolis N. Tzatzarakis
- Demetrios Kouretas
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Affiliations: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41221, Greece, Coffee Island S.A., Patras 26334, Greece, Department of Dangerous Substances, Mixtures and Articles, Directorate of Environment, General Chemical State Laboratory of Greece, Athens 11521, Greece, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion 71409, Greece, Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
Published online on: September 28, 2015 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.4377
Pages: 7293-7302
Copyright: © Priftis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Coffee is one of the most popular and widely consumed beverages worldwide due to its pleasant taste and aroma. A number of studies have been performed to elucidate the possible beneficial effects of coffee consumption on human health and have shown that coffee exhibits potent antioxidant activity, which may be attributed mainly to its polyphenolic content. However, there is also evidence to suggest that coffee roasting (the procedure which turns green coffee beans to the dark, roasted ones from which the beverage derives) may alter the polyphenolic profile of the beans (e.g., via the Maillard reaction) and, concomitantly, their antioxidant activity. In the present study, the antioxidant activity of 13 coffee varieties was examined in both green and roasted coffee bean extracts using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) radical scavenging assays. In addition, 5 selected varieties were also examined for their protective effects against peroxyl and hydroxyl radical‑induced DNA strand cleavage. Finally, C2C12 murine myoblasts were treated with non‑cytotoxic concentrations of the most potent extract in order to examine its effects on the cellular redox status by measuring the glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by flow cytometry. Our results revealed that, in 8 out of the 13 coffee varieties, roasting increased free radical scavenging activity as shown by DPPH and ABTS•+ assays. Moreover, we found that when one coffee variety was roasted for different amounts of time, the increase in the antioxidant activity depended on the roasting time. By contrast, in 5 varieties, roasting reduced the antioxidant activity. Similar differences between the roasted and green beans were also observed in the free radical‑induced DNA strand cleavage assay. The observed differences in the antioxidant activity between the different coffee varieties may be attributed to their varying polyphenolic content and composition, as well as to the different molecules produced during roasting. In addition, in the cell culture assay, the tested coffee extract led to increased GSH levels in a dose-dependent manner, indicating the enhancement of cellular antioxidant mechanisms.

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