Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
January-2018 Volume 17 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
January-2018 Volume 17 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Effects of Lycium barbarum (goji berry) on dry eye disease in rats

  • Authors:
    • Kaung‑Jen Chien
    • Chi‑Ting Horng
    • Yu‑Syuan Huang
    • Yi‑Hsien Hsieh
    • Chau‑Jong Wang
    • Jai‑Sing Yang
    • Chi‑Cheng Lu
    • Fu‑An Chen
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Tajen University, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan, R.O.C., Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shang Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Pharmacy, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 97002, Taiwan, R.O.C.
    Copyright: © Chien et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 809-818
    |
    Published online on: November 3, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7947
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Lycium barbarum (goji berry) has long been used as a food and traditional herbal medicine. This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effect of the goji berry on dry eye disease in rats. Male Sprague‑Dawley rats with induced dry eye disease were randomly assigned to four groups: Vehicle (control), low‑dose goji berry extract [GBE; 250 mg/kg/body weight (bw)], median‑dose GBE (350 mg/kg/bw), and high‑dose GBE (500 mg/kg/bw). Three methods, Schirmer's test, tear break‑up time (BUT) measurement and keratoconjunctival fluorescein staining, were used to evaluate the effect of GBE on symptoms of dry eye disease experienced by the rats. The results of the present study revealed that both the Schirmer's test score and tear BUT significantly increased following 1 week of GBE administration. Furthermore, the severity of the keratoconjunctival staining decreased significantly. In addition, the results suggested that administration of GBE may ameliorate dry eye disease symptoms in a dose‑dependent manner. There were no mortalities and no apparent abnormal histopathology changes in the liver or kidney tissues of rats administered GBE for 21 consecutive days. Polysaccharides and betaine present in GBE may have important effects in alleviating dry eye disease induced by oxidative stress and inflammation. In conclusion, the goji berry is a safe, functional food with beneficial effects in alleviating dry eye disease.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Dogru M and Tsubota K: Pharmacotherapy of dry eye. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 12:325–334. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Lin PY, Tsai SY, Cheng CY, Liu JH, Chou P and Hsu WM: Prevalence of dry eye among an elderly chinese population in Taiwan: The Shihpai eye study. Ophthalmology. 110:1096–1101. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Klotz SA, Penn CC, Negvesky GJ and Butrus SI: Fungal and parasitic infections of the eye. Clin Microbiol Rev. 13:662–685. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Bo R, Ma X, Feng Y, Zhu Q, Huang Y, Liu Z, Liu C, Gao Z, Hu Y and Wang D: Optimization on conditions of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides liposome by RSM and its effects on the peritoneal macrophages function. Carbohyd Polym. 117:215–222. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Cheng J, Zhou ZW, Sheng HP, He LJ, Fan XW, He ZX, Sun T, Zhang X, Zhao RJ, Gu L, et al: An evidence-based update on the pharmacological activities and possible molecular targets of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. Drug Des Devel Ther. 9:33–78. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Qian D, Zhao Y, Yang G and Huang L: Systematic review of chemical constituents in the genus Lycium (Solanaceae). Molecules. 22:pii: E911. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Xing X, Liu F, Xiao J and So KF: Neuro-protective mechanisms of Lycium barbarum. Neuromolecular Med. 18:253–263. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Amagase H, Sun BX and Borek C: Lycium barbarum (goji) juice improves in vivo antioxidant biomarkers in serum of healthy adults. Nutr Res. 29:19–25. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Li SY, Yang D, Yeung CM, Yu WY, Chang RC, So KF, Wong D and Lo AC: Lycium barbarum polysaccharides reduce neuronal damage, blood-retinal barrier disruption and oxidative stress in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. PLoS One. 6:e163802011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Gan L, Zhang SH, Liu Q and Xu HB: A polysaccharide-protein complex from Lycium barbarum upregulates cytokine expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 471:217–222. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Li XM, Ma YL and Liu XJ: Effect of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on age-related oxidative stress in aged mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 111:504–511. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Yu MS, Lai CS, Ho YS, Zee SY, So KF, Yuen WH and Chang RC: Characterization of the effects of anti-aging medicine Fructus lycii on beta-amyloid peptide neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Med. 20:261–268. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Ha KT, Yoon SJ, Choi DY, Kim DW, Kim JK and Kim CH: Protective effect of Lycium chinense fruit on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. J Ethnopharmacol. 96:529–535. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Luo Q, Cai Y, Yan J, Sun M and Corke H: Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum. Life Sci. 76:137–149. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Gong H, Shen P, Jin L, Xing C and Tang F: Therapeutic effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on irradiation or chemotherapy-induced myelosuppressive mice. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 20:155–162. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

He M, Pan H, Chang RC, So KF, Brecha NC and Pu M: Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway contributes to the protective effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in the rodent retina after ischemia-reperfusion-induced damage. PLoS One. 9:e848002014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Mi XS, Feng Q, Lo AC, Chang RC, Lin B, Chung SK and So KF: Protection of retinal ganglion cells and retinal vasculature by Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in a mouse model of acute ocular hypertension. PLoS One. 7:e454692012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Bucheli P, Vidal K, Shen L, Gu Z, Zhang C, Miller LE and Wang J: Goji berry effects on macular characteristics and plasma antioxidant levels. Optom Vis Sci. 88:257–262. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Chan HC, Chang RC, Koon-Ching Ip A, Chiu K, Yuen WH, Zee SY and So KF: Neuroprotective effects of Lycium barbarum Lynn on protecting retinal ganglion cells in an ocular hypertension model of glaucoma. Exp Neurol. 203:269–273. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Qi B, Ji Q, Wen Y, Liu L, Guo X, Hou G, Wang G and Zhong J: Lycium barbarum polysaccharides protect human lens epithelial cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and senescence. PLoS One. 9:e1102752014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Horng CT, Huang JK, Wang HY, Huang CC and Chen FA: Antioxidant and antifatigue activities of polygonatum alte-lobatum hayata rhizomes in rats. Nutrients. 6:5327–5337. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers P and Smith F: Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal Chem. 28:350–356. 1956. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Lee HW, Kim YH, Kim YH, Lee GH and Lee MY: Discrimination of Lycium chinense and Lycium barbarum by taste pattern and betaine analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med. 7:2053–2059. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Bron AJ, Evans VE and Smith JA: Grading of corneal and conjunctival staining in the context of other dry eye tests. Cornea. 22:640–650. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Ma YS, Weng SW, Lin MW, Lu CC, Chiang JH, Yang JS, Lai KC, Lin JP, Tang NY, Lin JG and Chung JG: Antitumor effects of emodin on LS1034 human colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo: Roles of apoptotic cell death and LS1034 tumor xenografts model. Food Chem Toxicol. 50:1271–1278. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Kashkouli MB, Pakdel F, Amani A, Asefi M, Aghai GH and Falavarjani KG: A modified Schirmer test in dry eye and normal subjects: Open versus closed eye and 1-minute versus 5-minute tests. Cornea. 29:384–387. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Lemp MA: Advances in understanding and managing dry eye disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 146:350–356. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Liao CL, Lai KC, Huang AC, Yang JS, Lin JJ, Wu SH, Wood Gibson W, Lin JG and Chung JG: Gallic acid inhibits migration and invasion in human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells through suppressing the matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9, protein kinase B (PKB) and PKC signaling pathways. Food Chem Toxicol. 50:1734–1740. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Altinors DD, Bozbeyoglu S, Karabay G and Akova YA: Evaluation of ocular surface changes in a rabbit dry eye model using a modified impression cytology technique. Curr Eye Res. 32:301–307. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

McCarty CA, Bansal AK, Livingston PM, Stanislavsky YL and Taylor HR: The epidemiology of dry eye in Melbourne, Australia. Ophthalmology. 105:1114–1119. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Lai KC, Huang AC, Hsu SC, Kuo CL, Yang JS, Wu SH and Chung JG: Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) inhibits migration and invasion of human colon cancer HT29 cells by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 and urokinase plasminogen (uPA) through PKC and MAPK signaling pathway. J Agric Food Chem. 58:2935–2942. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Uchino M and Schaumberg DA: Dry eye disease: Impact on quality of life and vision. Curr Ophthalmol Rep. 1:51–57. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Bhavsar AS, Bhavsar SG and Jain SM: A review on recent advances in dry eye: Pathogenesis and management. Oman J Ophthalmol. 4:50–56. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Gayton JL: Etiology, prevalence, and treatment of dry eye disease. Clin Ophthalmol. 3:405–412. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Johnson EJ, Chung HY, Caldarella SM and Snodderly DM: The influence of supplemental lutein and docosahexaenoic acid on serum, lipoproteins, and macular pigmentation. Am J Clin Nutr. 87:1521–1529. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

36 

Messmer EM: The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of dry eye disease. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 112:71–81. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

37 

Stevenson W, Chauhan SK and Dana R: Dry eye disease: An immune-mediated ocular surface disorder. Arch Ophthalmol. 130:90–100. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Zheng Q, Ren Y, Reinach PS, She Y, Xiao B, Hua S, Qu J and Chen W: Reactive oxygen species activated NLRP3 inflammasomes prime environment-induced murine dry eye. Exp Eye Res. 125:1–8. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Liu H, Begley C, Chen M, Bradley A, Bonanno J, McNamara NA, Nelson JD and Simpson T: A link between tear instability and hyperosmolarity in dry eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 50:3671–3679. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Deng R, Hua X, Li J, Chi W, Zhang Z, Lu F, Zhang L, Pflugfelder SC and Li DQ: Oxidative stress markers induced by hyperosmolarity in primary human corneal epithelial cells. PLoS One. 10:e01265612015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Xiao B, Wang Y, Reinach PS, Ren Y, Li J, Hua S, Lu H and Chen W: Dynamic ocular surface and lacrimal gland changes induced in experimental murine dry eye. PLoS One. 10:e01153332015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Karn PR, Kim HD, Kang H, Sun BK, Jin SE and Hwang SJ: Supercritical fluid-mediated liposomes containing cyclosporin A for the treatment of dry eye syndrome in a rabbit model: Comparative study with the conventional cyclosporin A emulsion. Int J Nanomedicine. 9:3791–3800. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

43 

Donnenfeld E and Pflugfelder SC: Topical ophthalmic cyclosporine: Pharmacology and clinical uses. Surv Ophthalmol. 54:321–338. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Ciarcia R, Damiano S, Florio A, Spagnuolo M, Zacchia E, Squillacioti C, Mirabella N, Florio S, Pagnini U, Garofano T, et al: The protective effect of apocynin on cyclosporine a-induced hypertension and nephrotoxicity in rats. J Cell Biochem. 116:1848–1856. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

De Paiva CS, Corrales RM, Villarreal AL, Farley WJ, Li DQ, Stern ME and Pflugfelder SC: Corticosteroid and doxycycline suppress MMP-9 and inflammatory cytokine expression, MAPK activation in the corneal epithelium in experimental dry eye. Exp Eye Res. 83:526–535. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Mocan A, Vlase L, Vodnar DC, Bischin C, Hanganu D, Gheldiu AM, Oprean R, Silaghi-Dumitrescu R and Crișan G: Polyphenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Lycium barbarum L. and Lycium chinense Mill. leaves. Molecules. 19:10056–10073. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Uchino Y, Kawakita T, Miyazawa M, Ishii T, Onouchi H, Yasuda K, Ogawa Y, Shimmura S, Ishii N and Tsubota K: Oxidative stress induced inflammation initiates functional decline of tear production. PLoS One. 7:e458052012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Drouault-Holowacz S, Bieuvelet S, Burckel A, Rigal D, Dubray C, Lichon JL, Bringer P, Pilon F and Chiambaretta FR: Antioxidants intake and dry eye syndrome: A crossover, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Eur J Ophthalmol. 19:337–342. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

49 

Blades KJ, Patel S and Aidoo KE: Oral antioxidant therapy for marginal dry eye. Eur J Clin Nutr. 55:589–597. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Higuchi A, Inoue H, Kawakita T, Ogishima T and Tsubota K: Selenium compound protects corneal epithelium against oxidative stress. PLoS One. 7:e456122012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Wang JH, Wang HZ, Zhang M and Zhang SH: Effect of anti-aging Lycium barbarum polysaccharide. Acta Nutrimenta Sinica. 24:189–191. 2002.(In Chinese).

52 

Petrov A, Perekhvatova N, Skulachev M, Stein L and Ousler G: SkQ1 ophthalmic solution for dry eye treatment: Results of a phase 2 safety and efficacy clinical study in the environment and during challenge in the controlled adverse environment model. Adv Ther. 33:96–115. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Kim YG, Lim HH, Lee SH, Shin MS, Kim CJ and Yang HJ: Betaine inhibits vascularization via suppression of Akt in the retinas of streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats. Mol Med Rep. 12:1639–1644. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Li JM, Ge CX, Xu MX, Wang W, Yu R, Fan CY and Kong LD: Betaine recovers hypothalamic neural injury by inhibiting astrogliosis and inflammation in fructose-fed rats. Mol Nutr Food Res. 59:189–202. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Hua X, Su Z, Deng R, Lin J, Li DQ and Pflugfelder SC: Effects of L-carnitine, erythritol and betaine on pro-inflammatory markers in primary human corneal epithelial cells exposed to hyperosmotic stress. Curr Eye Res. 40:657–667. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Schwab U, Törrönen A, Toppinen L, Alfthan G, Saarinen M, Aro A and Uusitupa M: Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 76:961–967. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

57 

Garrett Q, Khandekar N, Shih S, Flanagan JL, Simmons P, Vehige J and Willcox MD: Betaine stabilizes cell volume and protects against apoptosis in human corneal epithelial cells under hyperosmotic stress. Exp Eye Res. 108:33–41. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Amagase H: General toxicity and histological analysis from acute toxicological study of a standardized Lycium barbarum (Goji) juice (GoChiTM) in rodents. Faseb J. 22:S7222008.

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Chien KJ, Horng CT, Huang YS, Hsieh YH, Wang CJ, Yang JS, Lu CC and Chen FA: Effects of Lycium barbarum (goji berry) on dry eye disease in rats. Mol Med Rep 17: 809-818, 2018.
APA
Chien, K., Horng, C., Huang, Y., Hsieh, Y., Wang, C., Yang, J. ... Chen, F. (2018). Effects of Lycium barbarum (goji berry) on dry eye disease in rats. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 809-818. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7947
MLA
Chien, K., Horng, C., Huang, Y., Hsieh, Y., Wang, C., Yang, J., Lu, C., Chen, F."Effects of Lycium barbarum (goji berry) on dry eye disease in rats". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.1 (2018): 809-818.
Chicago
Chien, K., Horng, C., Huang, Y., Hsieh, Y., Wang, C., Yang, J., Lu, C., Chen, F."Effects of Lycium barbarum (goji berry) on dry eye disease in rats". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 1 (2018): 809-818. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7947
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Chien KJ, Horng CT, Huang YS, Hsieh YH, Wang CJ, Yang JS, Lu CC and Chen FA: Effects of Lycium barbarum (goji berry) on dry eye disease in rats. Mol Med Rep 17: 809-818, 2018.
APA
Chien, K., Horng, C., Huang, Y., Hsieh, Y., Wang, C., Yang, J. ... Chen, F. (2018). Effects of Lycium barbarum (goji berry) on dry eye disease in rats. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 809-818. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7947
MLA
Chien, K., Horng, C., Huang, Y., Hsieh, Y., Wang, C., Yang, J., Lu, C., Chen, F."Effects of Lycium barbarum (goji berry) on dry eye disease in rats". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.1 (2018): 809-818.
Chicago
Chien, K., Horng, C., Huang, Y., Hsieh, Y., Wang, C., Yang, J., Lu, C., Chen, F."Effects of Lycium barbarum (goji berry) on dry eye disease in rats". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 1 (2018): 809-818. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7947
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team