Neuroprotection of hydroxysafflor yellow A in experimental cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via metabolic inhibition of phenylalanine and mitochondrial biogenesis

Chen,Suning; Sun,Mao; Zhao,Xianghui; Yang,Zhifu; Liu,Wenxing; Cao,Jinyi; Qiao,Yi; Luo,Xiaoxing; Wen,Aidong

doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.9959

Neuroprotection of hydroxysafflor yellow A in experimental cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via metabolic inhibition of phenylalanine and mitochondrial biogenesis

Authors:
- Suning Chen
- Mao Sun
- Xianghui Zhao
- Zhifu Yang
- Wenxing Liu
- Jinyi Cao
- Yi Qiao
- Xiaoxing Luo
- Aidong Wen
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Affiliations: Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for DNA Typing, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China, Institute of Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
Published online on: February 15, 2019 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2019.9959
Pages: 3009-3020
Copyright: © Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY_NC 4.0].

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Abstract

Stroke is the second most frequent cause of mortality, resulting in a huge societal burden worldwide. Timely reperfusion is the most effective therapy; however, it is difficult to prevent ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In traditional Chinese medicine, hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) has been widely used for the treatment of cerebrovascular disease and as a protective therapy against I/R injury. Evidence has demonstrated that HSYA could reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species and suppress cellular apoptosis; however, whether HSYA alters the metabolic profile as its underlying mechanism for neuroprotection remains unknown. In the present study, using a metabolomic screening, phenylalanine was identified to significantly increase in an experimental model of mouse cerebral I/R injury. Notably, western blotting and qPCR analysis were conducted to test the expression level of apoptosis‑associated factors, and HSYA was identified to be able to protect neuronal cells by reducing phenylalanine level associated with I/R injury. Additionally, these findings were confirmed in primary mouse neurons and PC12 cells exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) stress. Of note, HSYA was observed to regulate the mRNA expression of key metabolic enzymes, phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, which are responsible for phenylalanine metabolism. Furthermore, by performing mitochondrial labeling and JC‑1 fluorescence assay, HSYA was identified to promote mitochondrial function and biogenesis suppressed by OGD/R. The findings of the present study demonstrated that I/R injury could increase the levels of phenylalanine, and HSYA may inhibit phenylalanine synthesis to enhance mitochondrial function and biogenesis for neuroprotection. The present study proposed a novel metabolite biomarker for cerebral I/R injury and the evaluated the efficacy of HSYA as a potential therapeutic treatment I/R injury.

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