De novo transcriptome analysis and gene expression profiling of fish scales isolated from Carassius auratus during space flight: Impact of melatonin on gene expression in response to space radiation

Furusawa,Yukihiro; Yamamoto,Tatsuki; Hattori,Atsuhiko; Suzuki,Nobuo; Hirayama,Jun; Sekiguchi,Toshio; Tabuchi,Yoshiaki

doi:10.3892/mmr.2020.11363

De novo transcriptome analysis and gene expression profiling of fish scales isolated from Carassius auratus during space flight: Impact of melatonin on gene expression in response to space radiation

Authors:
- Yukihiro Furusawa
- Tatsuki Yamamoto
- Atsuhiko Hattori
- Nobuo Suzuki
- Jun Hirayama
- Toshio Sekiguchi
- Yoshiaki Tabuchi
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Affiliations: Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama 939‑0398, Japan, Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 927‑0553, Japan, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiba 272‑0827, Japan, Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Ishikawa 923‑0961, Japan, Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama 930‑0194, Japan
Published online on: July 28, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11363
Pages: 2627-2636
Copyright: © Furusawa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Astronauts are inevitably exposed to two major risks during space flight, microgravity and radiation. Exposure to microgravity has been discovered to lead to rapid and vigorous bone loss due to elevated osteoclastic activity. In addition, long‑term exposure to low‑dose‑rate space radiation was identified to promote DNA damage accumulation that triggered chronic inflammation, resulting in an increased risk for bone marrow suppression and carcinogenesis. In our previous study, melatonin, a hormone known to regulate the sleep‑wake cycle, upregulated calcitonin expression levels and downregulated receptor activator of nuclear factor‑κB ligand expression levels, leading to improved osteoclastic activity in a fish scale model. These results indicated that melatonin may represent a potential drug or lead compound for the prevention of bone loss under microgravity conditions. However, it is unclear whether melatonin affects the biological response induced by space radiation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of melatonin on the expression levels of genes responsive to space radiation. In the present study, to support the previous data regarding de novo transcriptome analysis of goldfish scales, a detailed and improved experimental method (e.g., PCR duplicate removal followed by de novo assembly, global normalization and calculation of statistical significance) was applied for the analysis. In addition, the transcriptome data were analyzed via global normalization, functional categorization and gene network construction to determine the impact of melatonin on gene expression levels in irradiated fish scales cultured in space. The results of the present study demonstrated that melatonin treatment counteracted microgravity‑ and radiation‑induced alterations in the expression levels of genes associated with DNA replication, DNA repair, proliferation, cell death and survival. Thus, it was concluded that melatonin may promote cell survival and ensure normal cell proliferation in cells exposed to space radiation.

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