1
|
Yuen MF, Chen DS, Dusheiko GM, Janssen
HLA, Lau DTY, Locarnini SA, Peters MG and Lai CL: Hepatitis B virus
infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 4:180352018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
2
|
Seeger C and Mason WS: Hepatitis B virus
biology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 64:51–68. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
3
|
Nassal M: HBV cccDNA: Viral persistence
reservoir and key obstacle for a cure of chronic hepatitis B. Gut.
64:1972–1984. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
4
|
Trepo C, Chan HL and Lok A: Hepatitis B
virus infection. Lancet. 384:2053–2063. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
5
|
Volz T, Lutgehetmann M, Wachtler P, Jacob
A, Quaas A, Murray JM, Dandri M and Petersen J: Impaired
intrahepatic hepatitis B virus productivity contributes to low
viremia in most HBeAg-negative patients. Gastroenterology.
133:843–852. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
6
|
Suslov A, Meier MA, Ketterer S, Wang X,
Wieland S and Heim MH: Transition to HBeAg-negative chronic
hepatitis B virus infection is associated with reduced cccDNA
transcriptional activity. J Hepatol. 74:794–800. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
7
|
Moolla N, Kew M and Arbuthnot P:
Regulatory elements of hepatitis B virus transcription. J Viral
Hepat. 9:323–331. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
8
|
Xia Y and Guo H: Hepatitis B virus cccDNA:
Formation, regulation and therapeutic potential. Antiviral Res.
180:1048242020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
9
|
Oropeza CE, Tarnow G, Sridhar A, Taha TY,
Shalaby RE and McLachlan A: The regulation of HBV transcription and
replication. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1179:39–69. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
10
|
Hong X, Kim ES and Guo H: Epigenetic
regulation of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA:
Implications for epigenetic therapy against chronic hepatitis B.
Hepatology. 66:2066–2077. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
11
|
Dandri M: Epigenetic modulation in chronic
hepatitis B virus infection. Semin Immunopathol. 42:173–185. 2020.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
12
|
Bock CT, Schranz P, Schroder CH and
Zentgraf H: Hepatitis B virus genome is organized into nucleosomes
in the nucleus of the infected cell. Virus Genes. 8:215–229. 1994.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
13
|
Bock CT, Schwinn S, Locarnini S, Fyfe J,
Manns MP, Trautwein C and Zentgraf H: Structural organization of
the hepatitis B virus minichromosome. J Mol Biol. 307:183–196.
2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
14
|
Pollicino T, Belloni L, Raffa G, Pediconi
N, Squadrito G, Raimondo G and Levrero M: Hepatitis B virus
replication is regulated by the acetylation status of hepatitis B
virus cccDNA-bound H3 and H4 histones. Gastroenterology.
130:823–837. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
15
|
Tropberger P, Mercier A, Robinson M, Zhong
W, Ganem DE and Holdorf M: Mapping of histone modifications in
episomal HBV cccDNA uncovers an unusual chromatin organization
amenable to epigenetic manipulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
112:E5715–E5724. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
16
|
Yuan Y, Yuan H, Yang G, Yun H, Zhao M, Liu
Z, Zhao L, Geng Y, Liu L, Wang J, et al: IFN-α confers epigenetic
regulation of HBV cccDNA minichromosome by modulating GCN5-mediated
succinylation of histone H3K79 to clear HBV cccDNA. Clin
Epigenetics. 12:1352020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
17
|
Guo Y, Li Y, Mu S, Zhang J and Yan Z:
Evidence that methylation of hepatitis B virus covalently closed
circular DNA in liver tissues of patients with chronic hepatitis B
modulates HBV replication. J Med Virol. 81:1177–1183. 2009.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
18
|
Vivekanandan P, Thomas D and Torbenson M:
Methylation regulates hepatitis B viral protein expression. J
Infect Dis. 199:1286–1291. 2009. View
Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
19
|
Vivekanandan P, Daniel HD, Kannangai R,
Martinez-Murillo F and Torbenson M: Hepatitis B virus replication
induces methylation of both host and viral DNA. J Virol.
84:4321–4329. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
20
|
Kim JW, Lee SH, Park YS, Hwang JH, Jeong
SH, Kim N and Lee DH: Replicative activity of hepatitis B virus is
negatively associated with methylation of covalently closed
circular DNA in advanced hepatitis B virus infection.
Intervirology. 54:316–325. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
21
|
Zhang Y, Li C, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Kang Y, Liu
H, Wang J, Qin Y, Mao R, Xie Y, et al: Comparative analysis of CpG
islands among HBV genotypes. PLoS One. 8:e567112013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
22
|
Zhang Y, Mao R, Yan R, Cai D, Zhang Y, Zhu
H, Kang Y, Liu H, Wang J, Qin Y, et al: Transcription of hepatitis
B virus covalently closed circular DNA is regulated by CpG
methylation during chronic infection. PLoS One. 9:e1104422014.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
23
|
Zhang ZM, Lu R, Wang P, Yu Y, Chen D, Gao
L, Liu S, Ji D, Rothbart SB, Wang Y, et al: Structural basis for
DNMT3A-mediated de novo DNA methylation. Nature. 554:387–391. 2018.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
24
|
Konerman MA and Lok AS: Interferon
treatment for hepatitis B. Clin Liver Dis. 20:645–665. 2016.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
25
|
Wieland SF, Guidotti LG and Chisari FV:
Intrahepatic induction of alpha/beta interferon eliminates viral
RNA-containing capsids in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice. J
Virol. 74:4165–4173. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
26
|
Xiong W, Wang X, Liu X, Xiang L, Zheng L
and Yuan Z: Interferon-inducible MyD88 protein inhibits hepatitis B
virus replication. Virology. 319:306–314. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
27
|
Lucifora J, Xia Y, Reisinger F, Zhang K,
Stadler D, Cheng X, Sprinzl MF, Koppensteiner H, Makowska Z, Volz
T, et al: Specific and nonhepatotoxic degradation of nuclear
hepatitis B virus cccDNA. Science. 343:1221–1228. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
28
|
Cheng J, Zhao Q, Zhou Y, Tang L, Sheraz M,
Chang J and Guo JT: Interferon alpha induces multiple cellular
proteins that coordinately suppress hepadnaviral covalently closed
circular DNA transcription. J Virol. 94:e00442–20. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar
|
29
|
Belloni L, Allweiss L, Guerrieri F,
Pediconi N, Volz T, Pollicino T, Petersen J, Raimondo G, Dandri M
and Levrero M: IFN-α inhibits HBV transcription and replication in
cell culture and in humanized mice by targeting the epigenetic
regulation of the nuclear cccDNA minichromosome. J Clin Invest.
122:529–537. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
30
|
Liu F, Campagna M, Qi Y, Zhao X, Guo F, Xu
C, Li S, Li W, Block TM, Chang J and Guo JT: Alpha-interferon
suppresses hepadnavirus transcription by altering epigenetic
modification of cccDNA minichromosomes. PLoS Pathog.
9:e10036132013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
31
|
Allweiss L, Volz T, Lutgehetmann M,
Giersch K, Bornscheuer T, Lohse AW, Petersen J, Ma H, Klumpp K,
Fletcher SP and Dandri M: Immune cell responses are not required to
induce substantial hepatitis B virus antigen decline during
pegylated interferon-alpha administration. J Hepatol. 60:500–507.
2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
32
|
Ladner SK, Otto MJ, Barker CS, Zaifert K,
Wang GH, Guo JT, Seeger C and King RW: Inducible expression of
human hepatitis B virus (HBV) in stably transfected hepatoblastoma
cells: A novel system for screening potential inhibitors of HBV
replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 41:1715–1720. 1997.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
33
|
Qiao L, Sui J and Luo G: Robust human and
murine hepatocyte culture models of hepatitis B virus infection and
replication. J Virol. 92:e01255–18. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar
|
34
|
Paran N, Geiger B and Shaul Y: HBV
infection of cell culture: Evidence for multivalent and cooperative
attachment. EMBO J. 20:4443–4453. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
35
|
Sohn JA, Litwin S and Seeger C: Mechanism
for CCC DNA synthesis in hepadnaviruses. PLoS One. 4:e80932009.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
36
|
Garner I: Isolation of
high-molecular-weight DNA from animal cells. The nucleic acid
protocols handbook. Rapley R: Humana Press; Totowa, NJ: pp. 3–7.
2000, View Article : Google Scholar
|
37
|
Yan H, Zhong G, Xu G, He W, Jing Z, Gao Z,
Huang Y, Qi Y, Peng B, Wang H, et al: Sodium taurocholate
cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human
hepatitis B and D virus. Elife. 1:e000492012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
38
|
Bowden S, Jackson K, Littlejohn M and
Locarnini S: Quantification of HBV covalently closed circular DNA
from liver tissue by real-time PCR. Methods Mol Med. 95:41–50.
2004.PubMed/NCBI
|
39
|
Moon IY, Choi JH, Chung JW, Jang ES, Jeong
SH and Kim JW: MicroRNA20 induces methylation of hepatitis B virus
covalently closed circular DNA in human hepatoma cells. Mol Med
Rep. 20:2285–2293. 2019.PubMed/NCBI
|
40
|
Min BY, Kim NY, Jang ES, Shin CM, Lee SH,
Park YS, Hwang JH, Jeong SH, Kim N, Lee DH and Kim JW: Ethanol
potentiates hepatitis B virus replication through oxidative
stress-dependent and -independent transcriptional activation.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 431:92–97. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
41
|
Jia Z, Liang Y, Ma B, Xu X, Xiong J, Duan
L and Wang D: A 5-mC dot blot assay quantifying the DNA methylation
level of chondrocyte dedifferentiation in vitro. J Vis Exp.
555652017.PubMed/NCBI
|
42
|
Park HK, Min BY, Kim NY, Jang ES, Shin CM,
Park YS, Hwang JH, Jeong SH, Kim N, Lee DH and Kim JW: Short
hairpin RNA induces methylation of hepatitis B virus covalently
closed circular DNA in human hepatoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res
Commun. 436:152–155. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
43
|
Vivekanandan P, Thomas D and Torbenson M:
Hepatitis B viral DNA is methylated in liver tissues. J Viral
Hepat. 15:103–107. 2008.PubMed/NCBI
|
44
|
Bock C, Reither S, Mikeska T, Paulsen M,
Walter J and Lengauer T: BiQ Analyzer: Visualization and quality
control for DNA methylation data from bisulfite sequencing.
Bioinformatics. 21:4067–4068. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
45
|
Aparicio O, Geisberg JV, Sekinger E, Yang
A, Moqtaderi Z and Struhl K: Chromatin immunoprecipitation for
determining the association of proteins with specific genomic
sequences in vivo. Curr Protoc Mol Biol. 21 (Suppl
69):21.3.1–21.3.33. 2005.PubMed/NCBI
|
46
|
Pfaffl MW, Horgan GW and Dempfle L:
Relative expression software tool (REST) for group-wise comparison
and statistical analysis of relative expression results in
real-time PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 30:e362002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
47
|
Rang A and Will H: The
tetracycline-responsive promoter contains functional
interferon-inducible response elements. Nucleic Acids Res.
28:1120–1125. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
48
|
Zhang X, Hou J and Lu M: Regulation of
hepatitis B virus replication by epigenetic mechanisms and
microRNAs. Front Genet. 4:2022013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
49
|
Zhong C, Lu H, Han T, Tan X, Li P, Huang
J, Xie Q, Hou Z, Qu T, Jiang Y, et al: CpG methylation participates
in regulation of hepatitis B virus gene expression in host sperm
and sperm-derived embryos. Epigenomics. 9:123–125. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
50
|
Tan G, Song H, Xu F and Cheng G: When
Hepatitis B virus meets interferons. Front Microbiol. 9:16112018.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
51
|
Jain S, Chang TT, Chen S, Boldbaatar B,
Clemens A, Lin SY, Yan R, Hu CT, Guo H, Block TM, et al:
Comprehensive DNA methylation analysis of hepatitis B virus genome
in infected liver tissues. Sci Rep. 5:104782015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
52
|
Bchini R, Capel F, Dauguet C, Dubanchet S
and Petit MA: In vitro infection of human hepatoma (HepG2) cells
with hepatitis B virus. J Virol. 64:3025–3032. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
53
|
Mabit H, Dubanchet S, Capel F, Dauguet C
and Petit MA: In vitro infection of human hepatoma cells (HepG2)
with hepatitis B virus (HBV): Spontaneous selection of a stable HBV
surface antigen-producing HepG2 cell line containing integrated HBV
DNA sequences. J Gen Virol. 75((Pt 10)): 2681–2689. 1994.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
54
|
Mitsui M, Nishikawa M, Zang L, Ando M,
Hattori K, Takahashi Y, Watanabe Y and Takakura Y: Effect of the
content of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in plasmid DNA on the
sustainability of transgene expression. J Gene Med. 11:435–443.
2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
55
|
Okano M, Bell DW, Haber DA and Li E: DNA
methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for de novo
methylation and mammalian development. Cell. 99:247–257. 1999.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
56
|
Yang Y, Zhao X, Wang Z, Shu W, Li L, Li Y,
Guo Z, Gao B and Xiong S: Nuclear sensor interferon-inducible
protein 16 inhibits the function of hepatitis B virus covalently
closed circular DNA by integrating innate immune activation and
epigenetic suppression. Hepatology. 71:1154–1169. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
57
|
Lim KH, Park ES, Kim DH, Cho KC, Kim KP,
Park YK, Ahn SH, Park SH, Kim KH, Kim CW, et al: Suppression of
interferon-mediated anti-HBV response by single CpG methylation in
the 5′-UTR of TRIM22. Gut. 67:166–178. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
58
|
Zheng DL, Zhang L, Cheng N, Xu X, Deng Q,
Teng XM, Wang KS, Zhang X, Huang J and Han ZG: Epigenetic
modification induced by hepatitis B virus X protein via interaction
with de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A. J Hepatol. 50:377–387.
2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
59
|
Scott R, Siegrist F, Foser S and Certa U:
Interferon-alpha induces reversible DNA demethylation of the
interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 core promoter in human
melanoma cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 31:601–608. 2011.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|