Adak A and Khan MR: An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities. Cell Mol Life Sci. 76:473–493. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Woodruff AW, Salih SY, de Savigny D, Baya EI, Shah AI and Dafalla AA: Toxocariasis in the Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 75:559–561. 1981. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Fan Y and Pedersen O: Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 19:55–71. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wiest R, Albillos A, Trauner M, Bajaj JS and Jalan R: Targeting the gut-liver axis in liver disease. J Hepatol. 67:1084–1103. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Milosevic I, Vujovic A, Barac A, Djelic M, Korac M, Radovanovic Spurnic A, Gmizic I, Stevanovic O, Djordjevic V, Lekic N, et al: Gut-Liver axis, gut microbiota, and its modulation in the management of liver diseases: A review of the literature. Int J Mol Sci. 20:3952019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kim ER, Park JS, Kim JH, Oh JY, Oh IJ, Choi DH, Lee YS, Park IS, Kim S, Lee DH, et al: A GLP-1/GLP-2 receptor dual agonist to treat NASH: Targeting the gut-liver axis and microbiome. Hepatology. 75:1523–1538. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Song Q, Zhang X, Liu W, Wei H, Liang W, Zhou Y, Ding Y, Ji F, Ho-Kwan Cheung A, Wong N and Yu J: Bifidobacterium pseudolongum-generated acetate suppresses non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 79:1352–1365. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bertocchi A, Carloni S, Ravenda PS, Bertalot G, Spadoni I, Lo Cascio A, Gandini S, Lizier M, Braga D, Asnicar F, et al: Gut vascular barrier impairment leads to intestinal bacteria dissemination and colorectal cancer metastasis to liver. Cancer Cell. 39:708–724.e11. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Hu X, Chen F, Jia L, Long A, Peng Y, Li X, Huang J, Wei X, Fang X, Gao Z, et al: A gut-derived hormone regulates cholesterol metabolism. Cell. 187:1685–700.e18. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kuang J, Wang J, Li Y, Li M, Zhao M, Ge K, Zheng D, Cheung KCP, Liao B, Wang S, et al: Hyodeoxycholic acid alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through modulating the gut-liver axis. Cell Metab. 35:1752–1766.e8. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sheng Z, Xu J, Li F, Yuan Y, Peng X, Chen S, Zhou R and Huang W: The RING-domain E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF146 promotes cardiac hypertrophy by suppressing the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res. 410:1129542022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Goto J, Otaki Y, Watanabe T, Kobayashi Y, Aono T, Watanabe K, Wanezaki M, Kutsuzawa D, Kato S, Tamura H, et al: HECT (Homologous to the E6-AP Carboxyl Terminus)-Type ubiquitin E3 ligase ITCH attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Hypertension. 76:1868–1878. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Broquetas T and Carrion JA: Past, present, and future of long-term treatment for hepatitis B virus. World J Gastroenterol. 29:3964–3983. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Frenette C, Mendiratta-Lala M, Salgia R, Wong RJ, Sauer BG and Pillai A: ACG clinical guideline: Focal liver lesions. Am J Gastroenterol. 119:1235–1271. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD); European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) and the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), . EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). J Hepatol. 81:492–542. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Forrest EH, Atkinson SR, Richardson P, Masson S, Ryder S, Thursz MR and Allison M: ACG clinical guideline for alcoholic liver disease: The MELD threshold for corticosteroid treatment has yet to be established. Am J Gastroenterol. 114:175–176. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Dai JJ, Zhang YF and Zhang ZH: Global trends and hotspots of treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A bibliometric and visualization analysis (2010–2023). World J Gastroenterol. 29:5339–5360. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Suddle A, Reeves H, Hubner R, Marshall A, Rowe I, Tiniakos D, Hubscher S, Callaway M, Sharma D, See TC, et al: British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults. Gut. 73:1235–1268. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhou Q, Li B and Li J: DLL4-Notch signalling in acute-on-chronic liver failure: State of the art and perspectives. Life Sci. 317:1214382023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Conde de la Rosa L, Garcia-Ruiz C, Vallejo C, Baulies A, Nuñez S, Monte MJ, Marin JJG, Baila-Rueda L, Cenarro A, Civeira F, et al: STARD1 promotes NASH-driven HCC by sustaining the generation of bile acids through the alternative mitochondrial pathway. J Hepatol. 74:1429–1441. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bernsmeier C, Singanayagam A, Patel VC, Wendon J and Antoniades CG: Immunotherapy in the treatment and prevention of infection in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Immunotherapy. 7:641–654. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wulf J, Guckenberger M, Haedinger U, Oppitz U, Mueller G, Baier K and Flentje M: Stereotactic radiotherapy of primary liver cancer and hepatic metastases. Acta Oncol. 45:838–847. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Devarbhavi H, Asrani SK, Arab JP, Nartey YA, Pose E and Kamath PS: Global burden of liver disease: 2023 update. J Hepatol. 79:516–537. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Taha G, Ezra L and Abu-Freha N: Hepatitis C elimination: Opportunities and challenges in 2023. Viruses. 15:14132023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Hsu YC, Huang DQ and Nguyen MH: Global burden of hepatitis B virus: Current status, missed opportunities and a call for action. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 20:524–537. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Hernandez-Evole H, Jimenez-Esquivel N, Pose E and Bataller R: Alcohol-associated liver disease: Epidemiology and management. Ann Hepatol. 29:1011622024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Julien J, Ayer T, Bethea ED, Tapper EB and Chhatwal J: Projected prevalence and mortality associated with alcohol-related liver disease in the USA, 2019–40: A modelling study. Lancet Public Health. 5:e316–e23. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

McGlynn KA, Petrick JL and El-Serag HB: Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 73 (Suppl 1):S4–S13. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

Collins SL, Stine JG, Bisanz JE, Okafor CD and Patterson AD: Bile acids and the gut microbiota: Metabolic interactions and impacts on disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 21:236–247. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Taranto MP, Perez-Martinez G and Font de Valdez G: Effect of bile acid on the cell membrane functionality of lactic acid bacteria for oral administration. Res Microbiol. 157:720–725. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Han B, Lv X, Liu G, Li S, Fan J, Chen L, Huang Z, Lin G, Xu X, Huang Z, et al: Gut microbiota-related bile acid metabolism-FXR/TGR5 axis impacts the response to anti-α4β7-integrin therapy in humanized mice with colitis. Gut Microbes. 15:22321432023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Liu HM, Chang ZY, Yang CW, Chang HH and Lee TY: Farnesoid X receptor agonist GW4064 protects lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal epithelial barrier function and colorectal tumorigenesis signaling through the αKlotho/βKlotho/FGFs pathways in mice. Int J Mol Sci. 24:169322023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ploton M, Mazuy C, Gheeraert C, Dubois V, Berthier A, Dubois-Chevalier J, Maréchal X, Bantubungi K, Diemer H, Cianférani S, et al: The nuclear bile acid receptor FXR is a PKA- and FOXA2-sensitive activator of fasting hepatic gluconeogenesis. J Hepatol. 69:1099–1109. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Cao Y, Xiao Y, Zhou K, Yan J, Wang P, Yan W and Cai W: FXR agonist GW4064 improves liver and intestinal pathology and alters bile acid metabolism in rats undergoing small intestinal resection. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 317:G108–G115. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Yan Y, Sha Y, Huang X, Yuan W, Wu F, Hong J, Fang S, Huang B, Hu C, Wang B and Zhang X: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass improves metabolic conditions in association with increased serum bile acids level and hepatic Farnesoid X receptor expression in a T2DM rat model. Obes Surg. 29:2912–2922. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Watanabe M, Houten SM, Mataki C, Christoffolete MA, Kim BW, Sato H, Messaddeq N, Harney JW, Ezaki O, Kodama T, et al: Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation. Nature. 439:484–489. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zietak M and Kozak LP: Bile acids induce uncoupling protein 1-dependent thermogenesis and stimulate energy expenditure at thermoneutrality in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 310:E346–E354. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Van Treuren W and Dodd D: Microbial contribution to the human metabolome: Implications for health and disease. Annu Rev Pathol. 15:345–369. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Cornell RP: Restriction of gut-derived endotoxin impairs DNA synthesis for liver regeneration. Am J Physiol. 249:R563–R569. 1985.PubMed/NCBI

Nolan JP: The role of intestinal endotoxin in liver injury: A long and evolving history. Hepatology. 52:1829–1835. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Liu H, Xi Q, Tan S, Qu Y, Meng Q, Zhang Y, Cheng Y and Wu G: The metabolite butyrate produced by gut microbiota inhibits cachexia-associated skeletal muscle atrophy by regulating intestinal barrier function and macrophage polarization. Int Immunopharmacol. 124:1110012023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Tang G, Du Y, Guan H, Jia J, Zhu N, Shi Y, Rong S and Yuan W: Butyrate ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy in diabetic nephropathy by enhancing gut barrier function and FFA2-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signals. Br J Pharmacol. 179:159–178. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Meena AS, Shukla PK, Bell B, Giorgianni F, Caires R, Fernández-Peña C, Beranova S, Aihara E, Montrose MH, Chaib M, et al: TRPV6 channel mediates alcohol-induced gut barrier dysfunction and systemic response. Cell Rep. 39:1109372022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Dominguez-Bello MG, Godoy-Vitorino F, Knight R and Blaser MJ: Role of the microbiome in human development. Gut. 68:1108–1114. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Han YH, Onufer EJ, Huang LH, Sprung RW, Davidson WS, Czepielewski RS, Wohltmann M, Sorci-Thomas MG, Warner BW and Randolph GJ: Enterically derived high-density lipoprotein restrains liver injury through the portal vein. Science. 373:eabe67292021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Gomaa EZ: Human gut microbiota/microbiome in health and diseases: A review. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 113:2019–2040. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Robles-Alonso V and Guarner F: Progress in the knowledge of the intestinal human microbiota. Nutr Hosp. 28:553–557. 2013.(In Spanish). PubMed/NCBI

Charlet R, Bortolus C, Barbet M, Sendid B and Jawhara S: A decrease in anaerobic bacteria promotes Candida glabrata overgrowth while β-glucan treatment restores the gut microbiota and attenuates colitis. Gut Pathog. 10:502018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Charlet R, Pruvost Y, Tumba G, Istel F, Poulain D, Kuchler K, Sendid B and Jawhara S: Remodeling of the Candida glabrata cell wall in the gastrointestinal tract affects the gut microbiota and the immune response. Sci Rep. 8:33162018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bertin Y, Girardeau JP, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Lyan B, Pujos-Guillot E, Harel J and Martin C: Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli gains a competitive advantage by using ethanolamine as a nitrogen source in the bovine intestinal content. Environ Microbiol. 13:365–377. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ma HD, Zhao ZB, Ma WT, Liu QZ, Gao CY, Li L, Wang J, Tsuneyama K, Liu B, Zhang W, et al: Gut microbiota translocation promotes autoimmune cholangitis. J Autoimmun. 95:47–57. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Shao T, Zhao C, Li F, Gu Z, Liu L, Zhang L, Wang Y, He L, Liu Y, Liu Q, et al: Intestinal HIF-1α deletion exacerbates alcoholic liver disease by inducing intestinal dysbiosis and barrier dysfunction. J Hepatol. 69:886–895. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Giuffre M, Campigotto M, Campisciano G, Comar M and Croce LS: A story of liver and gut microbes: How does the intestinal flora affect liver disease? A review of the literature. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 318:G889–G906. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bellot P, Frances R and Such J: Pathological bacterial translocation in cirrhosis: Pathophysiology, diagnosis and clinical implications. Liver Int. 33:31–39. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Giorgio V, Miele L, Principessa L, Ferretti F, Villa MP, Negro V, Grieco A, Alisi A and Nobili V: Intestinal permeability is increased in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and correlates with liver disease severity. Dig Liver Dis. 46:556–560. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Miele L, Valenza V, La Torre G, Montalto M, Cammarota G, Ricci R, Mascianà R, Forgione A, Gabrieli ML, Perotti G, et al: Increased intestinal permeability and tight junction alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 49:1877–1887. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Rao R: Endotoxemia and gut barrier dysfunction in alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology. 50:638–644. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sewell GW and Kaser A: Interleukin-23 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and implications for therapeutic intervention. J Crohns Colitis. 16 (Suppl 2):ii3–ii19. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sokol H, Leducq V, Aschard H, Pham HP, Jegou S, Landman C, Cohen D, Liguori G, Bourrier A, Nion-Larmurier I, et al: Fungal microbiota dysbiosis in IBD. Gut. 66:1039–1048. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ng SC, Benjamin JL, McCarthy NE, Hedin CR, Koutsoumpas A, Plamondon S, Price CL, Hart AL, Kamm MA, Forbes A, et al: Relationship between human intestinal dendritic cells, gut microbiota, and disease activity in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 17:2027–2037. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Coccia M, Harrison OJ, Schiering C, Asquith MJ, Becher B, Powrie F and Maloy KJ: IL-1β mediates chronic intestinal inflammation by promoting the accumulation of IL-17A secreting innate lymphoid cells and CD4(+) Th17 cells. J Exp Med. 209:1595–1609. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ma TY, Boivin MA, Ye D, Pedram A and Said HM: Mechanism of TNF-{alpha} modulation of Caco-2 intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier: Role of myosin light-chain kinase protein expression. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 288:G422–G430. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

He WQ, Wang J, Sheng JY, Zha JM, Graham WV and Turner JR: Contributions of myosin light chain kinase to regulation of epithelial paracellular permeability and mucosal homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci. 21:9932020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Chotikatum S, Naim HY and El-Najjar N: Inflammation induced ER stress affects absorptive intestinal epithelial cells function and integrity. Int Immunopharmacol. 55:336–344. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kinoshita N, Hiroi T, Ohta N, Fukuyama S, Park EJ and Kiyono H: Autocrine IL-15 mediates intestinal epithelial cell death via the activation of neighboring intraepithelial NK cells. J Immunol. 169:6187–6192. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Rohr M, Narasimhulu CA, Keewan E, Hamid S and Parthasarathy S: The dietary peroxidized lipid, 13-HPODE, promotes intestinal inflammation by mediating granzyme B secretion from natural killer cells. Food Funct. 11:9526–9534. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Yasuda K, Nakanishi K and Tsutsui H: Interleukin-18 in health and disease. Int J Mol Sci. 19:6492019. View Article : Google Scholar

Woznicki JA, Saini N, Flood P, Rajaram S, Lee CM, Stamou P, Skowyra A, Bustamante-Garrido M, Regazzoni K, Crawford N, et al: TNF-α synergises with IFN-γ to induce caspase-8-JAK1/2-STAT1-dependent death of intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis. 12:8642021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Chang JT: Pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases. N Engl J Med. 383:2652–2664. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Romagnani S: Lymphokine production by human T cells in disease states. Annu Rev Immunol. 12:227–257. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Fort MM, Cheung J, Yen D, Li J, Zurawski SM, Lo S, Menon S, Clifford T, Hunte B, Lesley R, et al: IL-25 induces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and Th2-associated pathologies in vivo. Immunity. 15:985–995. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Lin Y, Li B, Yang X, Liu T, Shi T, Deng B, Zhang Y, Jia L, Jiang Z and He R: Non-hematopoietic STAT6 induces epithelial tight junction dysfunction and promotes intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis. Mucosal Immunol. 12:1304–1315. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ceponis PJ, Botelho F, Richards CD and McKay DM: Interleukins 4 and 13 increase intestinal epithelial permeability by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Lack of evidence for STAT 6 involvement. J Biol Chem. 275:29132–29137. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

He L, Liu T, Shi Y, Tian F, Hu H, Deb DK, Bissonnette M and Li YC: Gut epithelial Vitamin D receptor regulates Microbiota-dependent mucosal inflammation by suppressing intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis. Endocrinology. 159:967–979. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Lee SH, Kwon JE and Cho ML: Immunological pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Intest Res. 16:26–42. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wang X, Ni J, You Y, Feng G, Zhang S, Bao W, Hou H, Li H, Liu L, Zheng M, et al: SNX10-mediated LPS sensing causes intestinal barrier dysfunction via a caspase-5-dependent signaling cascade. EMBO J. 40:e1080802021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Li Q, Rempel JD, Yang J and Minuk GY: The effects of Pathogen-associated molecular patterns on peripheral blood monocytes in patients with Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 12:808–817. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Nakamoto N and Kanai T: Role of toll-like receptors in immune activation and tolerance in the liver. Front Immunol. 5:2212014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Szabo G, Dolganiuc A and Mandrekar P: Pattern recognition receptors: A contemporary view on liver diseases. Hepatology. 44:287–298. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kesar V and Odin JA: Toll-like receptors and liver disease. Liver Int. 34:184–196. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Hardin PE: From biological clock to biological rhythms. Genome Biol. 1:REVIEWS10232000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Jouffe C, Weger BD, Martin E, Atger F, Weger M, Gobet C, Ramnath D, Charpagne A, Morin-Rivron D, Powell EE, et al: Disruption of the circadian clock component BMAL1 elicits an endocrine adaption impacting on insulin sensitivity and liver disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 119:e22000831192022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kinouchi K and Sassone-Corsi P: Metabolic rivalry: Circadian homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Nat Rev Cancer. 20:645–661. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Nassan M and Videnovic A: Circadian rhythms in neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 18:7–24. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Song S, Tien CL, Cui H, Basil P, Zhu N, Gong Y, Li W, Li H, Fan Q, Min Choi J, et al: Myocardial Rev-erb-mediated diurnal metabolic rhythm and obesity paradox. Circulation. 145:448–464. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Choi H, Rao MC and Chang EB: Gut microbiota as a transducer of dietary cues to regulate host circadian rhythms and metabolism. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 18:679–689. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Heddes M, Altaha B, Niu Y, Reitmeier S, Kleigrewe K, Haller D and Kiessling S: The intestinal clock drives the microbiome to maintain gastrointestinal homeostasis. Nat Commun. 13:60682022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Thaiss CA, Zeevi D, Levy M, Zilberman-Schapira G, Suez J, Tengeler AC, Abramson L, Katz MN, Korem T, Zmora N, et al: Transkingdom control of microbiota diurnal oscillations promotes metabolic homeostasis. Cell. 159:514–529. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Backhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, Semenkovich CF and Gordon JI: The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101:15718–15723. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Rabot S, Membrez M, Bruneau A, Gerard P, Harach T, Moser M, Raymond F, Mansourian R and Chou CJ: Germ-free C57BL/6J mice are resistant to high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance and have altered cholesterol metabolism. FASEB J. 24:4948–4959. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhang X, Coker OO, Chu ES, Fu K, Lau HCH, Wang YX, Chan AWH, Wei H, Yang X, Sung JJY and Yu J: Dietary cholesterol drives fatty liver-associated liver cancer by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites. Gut. 70:761–774. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wang B, Kong Q, Li X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W and Wang G: A High-fat diet increases gut microbiota biodiversity and energy expenditure due to nutrient difference. Nutrients. 12:31972020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER and Gordon JI: An Obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature. 444:1027–1031. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Riva A, Borgo F, Lassandro C, Verduci E, Morace G, Borghi E and Berry D: Pediatric obesity is associated with an altered gut microbiota and discordant shifts in Firmicutes populations. Environ Microbiol. 19:95–105. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Palmnas-Bedard MSA, Costabile G, Vetrani C, Aberg S, Hjalmarsson Y, Dicksved J, Riccardi G and Landberg R: The human gut microbiota and glucose metabolism: A scoping review of key bacteria and the potential role of SCFAs. Am J Clin Nutr. 116:862–874. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Dunn R, Wetten A, McPherson S and Donnelly MC: Viral hepatitis in 2021: The challenges remaining and how we should tackle them. World J Gastroenterol. 28:76–95. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhao X and Guo S: Methods for visualizing intracellular organelles. J Vis Exp. Mar 3–2023.doi: 10.3791/64966.

Zhao W, Ma L, Cai C and Gong X: Caffeine Inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by suppressing MAPK/NF-κB and A2aR signaling in LPS-induced THP-1 macrophages. Int J Biol Sci. 15:1571–1581. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Chou HH, Chien WH, Wu LL, Cheng CH, Chung CH, Horng JH, Ni YH, Tseng HT, Wu D, Lu X, et al: Age-related immune clearance of hepatitis B virus infection requires the establishment of gut microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 112:2175–2180. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Chauhan A, Kumar R, Sharma S, Mahanta M, Vayuuru SK, Nayak B and Kumar S: Shalimar: Fecal microbiota transplantation in Hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic Hepatitis B patients: A pilot study. Dig Dis Sci. 66:873–880. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Huang H, Ren Z, Gao X, Hu X, Zhou Y, Jiang J, Lu H, Yin S, Ji J, Zhou L and Zheng S: Integrated analysis of microbiome and host transcriptome reveals correlations between gut microbiota and clinical outcomes in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Genome Med. 12:1022020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Preveden T, Scarpellini E, Milic N, Luzza F and Abenavoli L: Gut microbiota changes and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 11:813–819. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Shen Y, Wu SD, Chen Y, Li XY, Zhu Q, Nakayama K, Zhang WQ, Weng CZ, Zhang J, Wang HK, et al: Alterations in gut microbiome and metabolomics in chronic hepatitis B infection-associated liver disease and their impact on peripheral immune response. Gut Microbes. 15:21550182023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wei X, Yan X, Zou D, Yang Z, Wang X, Liu W, Wang S, Li X, Han J, Huang L and Yuan J: Abnormal fecal microbiota community and functions in patients with hepatitis B liver cirrhosis as revealed by a metagenomic approach. BMC Gastroenterol. 13:1752013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bajaj JS, Liu EJ, Kheradman R, Fagan A, Heuman DM, White M, Gavis EA, Hylemon P, Sikaroodi M and Gillevet PM: Fungal dysbiosis in cirrhosis. Gut. 67:1146–1154. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Aly AM, Adel A, El-Gendy AO, Essam TM and Aziz RK: Gut microbiome alterations in patients with stage 4 hepatitis C. Gut Pathog. 8:422016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Luther J, Khan S, Gala MK, Kedrin D, Sridharan G, Goodman RP, Garber JJ, Masia R, Diagacomo E, Adams D, et al: Hepatic gap junctions amplify alcohol liver injury by propagating cGAS-mediated IRF3 activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 117:11667–11673. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Jophlin LL, Singal AK, Bataller R, Wong RJ, Sauer BG, Terrault NA and Shah VH: ACG clinical guideline: Alcohol-associated liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 119:30–54. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Huang DQ, Mathurin P, Cortez-Pinto H and Loomba R: Global epidemiology of alcohol-associated cirrhosis and HCC: Trends, projections and risk factors. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 20:37–49. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Singal AK, Bataller R, Ahn J, Kamath PS and Shah VH: ACG clinical guideline: Alcoholic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 113:175–194. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Acharya C and Bajaj JS: Gut Microbiota and complications of liver disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 46:155–169. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Dubinkina VB, Tyakht AV, Odintsova VY, Yarygin KS, Kovarsky BA, Pavlenko AV, Ischenko DS, Popenko AS, Alexeev DG, Taraskina AY, et al: Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease. Microbiome. 5:1412017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Blaak EE, Canfora EE, Theis S, Frost G, Groen AK, Mithieux G, Nauta A, Scott K, Stahl B, van Harsselaar J, et al: Short chain fatty acids in human gut and metabolic health. Benef Microbes. 11:411–455. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhu L, Yang X, He F, Wang T, Bao T, Lu H, Wang H and Yang S: Inulin alleviates inflammation of alcoholic liver disease via SCFAs-inducing suppression of M1 and facilitation of M2 macrophages in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 78:1060622020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Yang X, He F, Zhang Y, Xue J, Li K, Zhang X, Zhu L, Wang Z, Wang H and Yang S: Inulin ameliorates alcoholic liver disease via suppressing LPS-TLR4-mpsi axis and modulating gut microbiota in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 43:411–424. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Deng M, Qu F, Chen L, Liu C, Zhang M, Ren F, Guo H, Zhang H, Ge S, Wu C and Zhao L: SCFAs alleviated steatosis and inflammation in mice with NASH induced by MCD. J Endocrinol. 245:425–437. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Mundi MS, Velapati S, Patel J, Kellogg TA, Abu Dayyeh BK and Hurt RT: Evolution of NAFLD and its management. Nutr Clin Pract. 35:72–84. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Aron-Wisnewsky J, Warmbrunn MV, Nieuwdorp M and Clement K: Metabolism and metabolic disorders and the microbiome: The intestinal microbiota associated with obesity, lipid metabolism, and metabolic health-pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Gastroenterology. 160:573–599. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Canfora EE, Meex RCR, Venema K and Blaak EE: Gut microbial metabolites in obesity, NAFLD and T2DM. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 15:261–273. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kolodziejczyk AA, Zheng D, Shibolet O and Elinav E: The role of the microbiome in NAFLD and NASH. EMBO Mol Med. 11:e93022019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Henao-Mejia J, Elinav E, Jin C, Hao L, Mehal WZ, Strowig T, Thaiss CA, Kau AL, Eisenbarth SC, Jurczak MJ, et al: Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity. Nature. 482:179–185. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhong S, Li L, Liang N, Zhang L, Xu X, Chen S and Yin H: Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 regulates HMG-CoA reductase stability and cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Redox Biol. 41:1019192021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Inokuchi S, Tsukamoto H, Park E, Liu ZX, Brenner DA and Seki E: Toll-like receptor 4 mediates alcohol-induced steatohepatitis through bone marrow-derived and endogenous liver cells in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 35:1509–1518. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

Bogatyrev SR, Rolando JC and Ismagilov RF: Self-reinoculation with fecal flora changes microbiota density and composition leading to an altered bile-acid profile in the mouse small intestine. Microbiome. 8:192020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ma C, Han M, Heinrich B, Fu Q, Zhang Q, Sandhu M, Agdashian D, Terabe M, Berzofsky JA, Fako V, et al: Gut microbiome-mediated bile acid metabolism regulates liver cancer via NKT cells. Science. 360:eaan59312018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Endo H, Niioka M, Kobayashi N, Tanaka M and Watanabe T: Butyrate-producing probiotics reduce nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression in rats: New insight into the probiotics for the gut-liver axis. PLoS One. 8:e633882013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ma YY, Li L, Yu CH, Shen Z, Chen LH and Li YM: Effects of probiotics on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 19:6911–6918. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kirpich IA, Solovieva NV, Leikhter SN, Shidakova NA, Lebedeva OV, Sidorov PI, Bazhukova TA, Soloviev AG, Barve SS, McClain CJ and Cave M: Probiotics restore bowel flora and improve liver enzymes in human alcohol-induced liver injury: A pilot study. Alcohol. 42:675–682. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Schuppan D and Afdhal NH: Liver cirrhosis. Lancet. 371:838–851. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Quiroz-Aldave JE, Gamarra-Osorio ER, Durand-Vasquez MDC, Rafael-Robles LDP, Gonzales-Yovera JG, Quispe-Flores MA, Concepción-Urteaga LA, Román-González A, Paz-Ibarra J and Concepción-Zavaleta MJ: From liver to hormones: The endocrine consequences of cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol. 30:1073–1095. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Horn P and Tacke F: Metabolic reprogramming in liver fibrosis. Cell Metab. 36:1439–1455. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Yang X, Li Q, Liu W, Zong C, Wei L, Shi Y and Han Z: Mesenchymal stromal cells in hepatic fibrosis/cirrhosis: From pathogenesis to treatment. Cell Mol Immunol. 20:583–599. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Iredale JP, Thompson A and Henderson NC: Extracellular matrix degradation in liver fibrosis: Biochemistry and regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1832:876–883. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bataller R and Brenner DA: Liver fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 115:209–218. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Smith A, Baumgartner K and Bositis C: Cirrhosis: Diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 100:759–770. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

Tapper EB and Parikh ND: Diagnosis and management of cirrhosis and its complications: A review. JAMA. 329:1589–1602. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators: Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 396:1204–1222. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

Asrani SK, Devarbhavi H, Eaton J and Kamath PS: Burden of liver diseases in the world. J Hepatol. 70:151–171. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address, . simpleeasloffice@easloffice.eu and European Association for the Study of the Liver: EASL clinical practice guidelines on Acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol. 79:461–491. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Gines P, Krag A, Abraldes JG, Sola E, Fabrellas N and Kamath PS: Liver cirrhosis. Lancet. 398:1359–1376. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Groschwitz KR and Hogan SP: Intestinal barrier function: Molecular regulation and disease pathogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 124:3–22. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Nishimura N, Kaji K, Kitagawa K, Sawada Y, Furukawa M, Ozutsumi T, Fujinaga Y, Tsuji Y, Takaya H, Kawaratani H, et al: Intestinal permeability is a mechanical rheostat in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis. Int J Mol Sci. 22:69212021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Trebicka J, Macnaughtan J, Schnabl B, Shawcross DL and Bajaj JS: The microbiota in cirrhosis and its role in hepatic decompensation. J Hepatol. 75 (Suppl 1):S67–S81. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Benjamin J, Singla V, Arora I, Sood S and Joshi YK: Intestinal permeability and complications in liver cirrhosis: A prospective cohort study. Hepatol Res. 43:200–207. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Shibamoto A, Kaji K, Nishimura N, Kubo T, Iwai S, Tomooka F, Suzuki J, Tsuji Y, Fujinaga Y, Kawaratani H, et al: Vitamin D deficiency exacerbates alcohol-related liver injury via gut barrier disruption and hepatic overload of endotoxin. J Nutr Biochem. 122:1094502023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Suk KT and Kim DJ: Gut microbiota: Novel therapeutic target for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 13:193–204. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Albillos A, Lario M and Alvarez-Mon M: Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction: Distinctive features and clinical relevance. J Hepatol. 61:1385–1396. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Fukui H: Role of gut dysbiosis in liver diseases: What have we learned so far? Diseases. 7:582019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Camilleri M, Madsen K, Spiller R, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B and Verne GN: Intestinal barrier function in health and gastrointestinal disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 24:503–512. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ghosh S, Whitley CS, Haribabu B and Jala VR: Regulation of intestinal barrier function by microbial metabolites. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 11:1463–1482. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Oh TG, Kim SM, Caussy C, Fu T, Guo J, Bassirian S, Singh S, Madamba EV, Bettencourt R, Richards L, et al: A universal Gut-microbiome-derived signature predicts cirrhosis. Cell Metab. 32:878–888.e6. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Chang CS, Chen GH, Lien HC and Yeh HZ: Small intestine dysmotility and bacterial overgrowth in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatology. 28:1187–1190. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Corradi F, Brusasco C, Fernandez J, Vila J, Ramirez MJ, Seva-Pereira T, Fernández-Varo G, Mosbah IB, Acevedo J, Silva A, et al: Effects of pentoxifylline on intestinal bacterial overgrowth, bacterial translocation and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic rats with ascites. Dig Liver Dis. 44:239–244. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Hylemon PB, Sanyal AJ, Puri P, Sterling RK, Luketic V, Stravitz RT, Siddiqui MS, Fuchs M, et al: Randomised clinical trial: Lactobacillus GG modulates gut microbiome, metabolome and endotoxemia in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 39:1113–1125. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bajaj JS, Kassam Z, Fagan A, Gavis EA, Liu E, Cox IJ, Kheradman R, Heuman D, Wang J, Gurry T, et al: Fecal microbiota transplant from a rational stool donor improves hepatic encephalopathy: A randomized clinical trial. Hepatology. 66:1727–1738. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bajaj JS, Hylemon PB, Ridlon JM, Heuman DM, Daita K, White MB, Monteith P, Noble NA, Sikaroodi M and Gillevet PM: Colonic mucosal microbiome differs from stool microbiome in cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy and is linked to cognition and inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 303:G675–G685. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Chen Y, Yang F, Lu H, Wang B, Chen Y, Lei D, Wang Y, Zhu B and Li L: Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology. 54:562–572. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Shen TD, Daniel SG, Patel S, Kaplan E, Phung L, Lemelle-Thomas K, Chau L, Herman L, Trisolini C, Stonelake A, et al: The Mucosally-adherent rectal microbiota contains features unique to alcohol-related cirrhosis. Gut Microbes. 13:19877812021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Egger M, Horvath A, Pruller F, Fickert P, Finkelman M, Kriegl L, Grønbaek H, Møller HJ, Prattes J, Krause R, et al: Fungal translocation measured by serum 1,3-β-D-glucan correlates with severity and outcome of liver cirrhosis-A pilot study. Liver Int. 43:1975–1983. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Saaoud F, Liu L, Xu K, Cueto R, Shao Y, Lu Y, Sun Y, Snyder NW, Wu S, Yang L, et al: Aorta- and liver-generated TMAO enhances trained immunity for increased inflammation via ER stress/mitochondrial ROS/glycolysis pathways. JCI Insight. 8:e1581832023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Pleguezuelo M, Benitez JM, Jurado J, Montero JL and De la Mata M: Diagnosis and management of bacterial infections in decompensated cirrhosis. World J Hepatol. 5:16–25. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kim J, Ahn SW, Kim JY, Whon TW, Lim SK, Ryu BH, Han NS, Choi HJ, Roh SW and Lee SH: Probiotic Lactobacilli ameliorate alcohol-induced hepatic damage via gut microbial alteration. Front Microbiol. 13:8692502022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Llovet JM, Pinyol R, Yarchoan M, Singal AG, Marron TU, Schwartz M, Pikarsky E, Kudo M and Finn RS: Adjuvant and neoadjuvant immunotherapies in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 21:294–311. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ding JH, Jin Z, Yang XX, Lou J, Shan WX, Hu YX, Du Q, Liao QS, Xie R and Xu JY: Role of gut microbiota via the gut-liver-brain axis in digestive diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 26:6141–6162. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Queipo-Ortuño MI, Boto-Ordóñez M, Murri M, Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Clemente-Postigo M, Estruch R, Cardona Diaz F, Andrés-Lacueva C and Tinahones FJ: Influence of red wine polyphenols and ethanol on the gut microbiota ecology and biochemical biomarkers. Am J Clin Nutr. 95:1323–1334. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Mutlu E, Keshavarzian A, Engen P, Forsyth CB, Sikaroodi M and Gillevet P: Intestinal dysbiosis: A possible mechanism of alcohol-induced endotoxemia and alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 33:1836–1846. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Yan AW, Fouts DE, Brandl J, Starkel P, Torralba M, Schott E, Tsukamoto H, Nelson KE, Brenner DA and Schnabl B: Enteric dysbiosis associated with a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology. 53:96–105. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Mutlu EA, Gillevet PM, Rangwala H, Sikaroodi M, Naqvi A, Engen PA, Kwasny M, Lau CK and Keshavarzian A: Colonic microbiome is altered in alcoholism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 302:G966–G978. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Boursier J, Mueller O, Barret M, Machado M, Fizanne L, Araujo-Perez F, Guy CD, Seed PC, Rawls JF, David LA, et al: The severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with gut dysbiosis and shift in the metabolic function of the gut microbiota. Hepatology. 63:764–775. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wang B, Jiang X, Cao M, Ge J, Bao Q, Tang L, Chen Y and Li L: Altered fecal microbiota correlates with liver biochemistry in nonobese patients with Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep. 6:320022016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Singh DP, Khare P, Bijalwan V, Baboota RK, Singh J, Kondepudi KK, Chopra K and Bishnoi M: Coadministration of isomalto-oligosaccharides augments metabolic health benefits of cinnamaldehyde in high fat diet fed mice. Biofactors. 43:821–835. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ponziani FR, Bhoori S, Castelli C, Putignani L, Rivoltini L, Del Chierico F, Sanguinetti M, Morelli D, Paroni Sterbini F, Petito V, et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with gut microbiota profile and inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 69:107–120. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sarangi AN, Goel A, Singh A, Sasi A and Aggarwal R: Faecal bacterial microbiota in patients with cirrhosis and the effect of lactulose administration. BMC Gastroenterol. 17:1252017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ren Z, Li A, Jiang J, Zhou L, Yu Z, Lu H, Xie H, Chen X, Shao L, Zhang R, et al: Gut microbiome analysis as a tool towards targeted non-invasive biomarkers for early hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut. 68:1014–1023. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Schneider KM, Mohs A, Gui W, Galvez EJC, Candels LS, Hoenicke L, Muthukumarasamy U, Holland CH, Elfers C, Kilic K, et al: Imbalanced gut microbiota fuels hepatocellular carcinoma development by shaping the hepatic inflammatory microenvironment. Nat Commun. 13:39642022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Li Z, Zhang Y, Hong W, Wang B, Chen Y, Yang P, Zhou J, Fan J, Zeng Z and Du S: Gut microbiota modulate radiotherapy-associated antitumor immune responses against hepatocellular carcinoma Via STING signaling. Gut Microbes. 14:21190552022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Thoen RU, Longo L, Leonhardt LC, Pereira MHM, Rampelotto PH, Cerski CTS and Álvares-da-Silva MR: Alcoholic liver disease and intestinal microbiota in an experimental model: Biochemical, inflammatory, and histologic parameters. Nutrition. 106:1118882023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

McMahan RH, Hulsebus HJ, Najarro KM, Giesy LE, Frank DN and Kovacs EJ: Changes in gut microbiome correlate with intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation following a 3-day ethanol exposure in aged mice. Alcohol. 107:136–143. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sangineto M, Grander C, Grabherr F, Mayr L, Enrich B, Schwärzler J, Dallio M, Bukke VN, Moola A, Moschetta A, et al: Recovery of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ameliorates hepatic steatosis in experimental alcohol-related liver disease. Gut Microbes. 14:20890062022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Day AW and Kumamoto CA: Gut microbiome dysbiosis in alcoholism: Consequences for health and recovery. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 12:8401642022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wang W, Li Q, Chai W, Sun C, Zhang T, Zhao C, Yuan Y, Wang X, Liu H and Ye H: Lactobacillus paracasei Jlus66 extenuate oxidative stress and inflammation via regulation of intestinal flora in rats with non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Food Sci Nutr. 7:2636–2646. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Safari Z and Gerard P: The links between the gut microbiome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Cell Mol Life Sci. 76:1541–1558. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ji Y, Yin Y, Li Z and Zhang W: Gut Microbiota-derived components and metabolites in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nutrients. 11:17122019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Fang J, Yu CH, Li XJ, Yao JM, Fang ZY, Yoon SH and Yu WY: Gut dysbiosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic implications. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 12:9970182022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Liu S and Yang X: Intestinal flora plays a role in the progression of hepatitis-cirrhosis-liver cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 13:11401262023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Lee NY and Suk KT: The role of the gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 22:1992020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Qin N, Yang F, Li A, Prifti E, Chen Y, Shao L, Guo J, Le Chatelier E, Yao J, Wu L, et al: Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis. Nature. 513:59–64. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Akkiz H: The gut microbiome and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Cancer. 52:1314–1319. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Schwabe RF and Greten TF: Gut microbiome in HCC-mechanisms, diagnosis and therapy. J Hepatol. 72:230–238. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhang S, Hou L and Sun Q: Correlation analysis of intestinal flora and immune function in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol. 13:1308–1316. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhang HL, Yu LX, Yang W, Tang L, Lin Y, Wu H, Zhai B, Tan YX, Shan L, Liu Q, et al: Profound impact of gut homeostasis on chemically-induced pro-tumorigenic inflammation and hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. J Hepatol. 57:803–812. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Dapito DH, Mencin A, Gwak GY, Pradere JP, Jang MK, Mederacke I, Caviglia JM, Khiabanian H, Adeyemi A, Bataller R, et al: Promotion of hepatocellular carcinoma by the intestinal microbiota and TLR4. Cancer Cell. 21:504–516. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Mou WL, Chen SR, Wu ZT, Hu LH, Zhang JY, Chang HJ, Zhou H and Liu Y: LPS-TLR4/MD-2-TNF-α signaling mediates alcohol-induced liver fibrosis in rats. J Toxicol Pathol. 35:193–203. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Yu LX, Yan HX, Liu Q, Yang W, Wu HP, Dong W, Tang L, Lin Y, He YQ, Zou SS, et al: Endotoxin accumulation prevents carcinogen-induced apoptosis and promotes liver tumorigenesis in rodents. Hepatology. 52:1322–1333. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Yoshimoto S, Loo TM, Atarashi K, Kanda H, Sato S, Oyadomari S, Iwakura Y, Oshima K, Morita H, Hattori M, et al: Obesity-induced gut microbial metabolite promotes liver cancer through senescence secretome. Nature. 499:97–101. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Nguyen PT, Kanno K, Pham QT, Kikuchi Y, Kakimoto M, Kobayashi T, Otani Y, Kishikawa N, Miyauchi M, Arihiro K, et al: Senescent hepatic stellate cells caused by deoxycholic acid modulates malignant behavior of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 146:3255–3268. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Vaughn BP, Rank KM and Khoruts A: Fecal microbiota transplantation: Current status in treatment of gi and liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 17:353–361. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Routy B, Lenehan JG, Miller WH Jr, Jamal R, Messaoudene M, Daisley BA, Hes C, Al KF, Martinez-Gili L, Punčochář M, et al: Fecal microbiota transplantation plus anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in advanced melanoma: A phase I trial. Nat Med. 29:2121–2132. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Belvoncikova P, Maronek M and Gardlik R: Gut dysbiosis and fecal microbiota transplantation in autoimmune diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 23:107292022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Borody TJ, Eslick GD and Clancy RL: Fecal microbiota transplantation as a new therapy: From Clostridioides difficile infection to inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and colon cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 49:43–51. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Burz SD, Monnoye M, Philippe C, Farin W, Ratziu V, Strozzi F, Paillarse JM, Chêne L, Blottière HM and Gérard P: Fecal microbiota transplant from human to mice gives insights into the role of the gut microbiota in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Microorganisms. 9:1992021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Purohit A, Alam MJ, Kandiyal B, Shalimar Das B and Banerjee SK: Gut microbiome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 191:187–206. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Brandt LJ and Aroniadis OC: An overview of fecal microbiota transplantation: Techniques, indications, and outcomes. Gastrointest Endosc. 78:240–249. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Persky SE and Brandt LJ: Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by administration of donated stool directly through a colonoscope. Am J Gastroenterol. 95:3283–3285. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Michailidis L, Currier AC, Le M and Flomenhoft DR: Adverse events of fecal microbiota transplantation: A meta-analysis of high-quality studies. Ann Gastroenterol. 34:802–814. 2021.PubMed/NCBI

Allegretti JR, Kassam Z, Mullish BH, Chiang A, Carrellas M, Hurtado J, Marchesi JR, McDonald JAK, Pechlivanis A, Barker GF, et al: Effects of fecal microbiota transplantation with oral capsules in obese patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 18:855–863.e2. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Yang J, Tang X, Liang Z, Chen M and Sun L: Taurocholic acid promotes hepatic stellate cell activation via S1PR2/p38 MAPK/YAP signaling under cholestatic conditions. Clin Mol Hepatol. 29:465–481. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Mancinelli R, Ceci L, Kennedy L, Francis H, Meadows V, Chen L, Carpino G, Kyritsi K, Wu N, Zhou T, et al: The effects of Taurocholic acid on biliary damage and liver fibrosis are mediated by calcitonin-gene-related peptide signaling. Cells. 11:15912022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Uyttebroek S, Chen B, Onsea J, Ruythooren F, Debaveye Y, Devolder D, Spriet I, Depypere M, Wagemans J, Lavigne R, et al: Safety and efficacy of phage therapy in difficult-to-treat infections: A systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 22:e208–e220. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Federici S, Kredo-Russo S, Valdes-Mas R, Kviatcovsky D, Weinstock E, Matiuhin Y, Silberberg Y, Atarashi K, Furuichi M, Oka A, et al: Targeted suppression of human IBD-associated gut microbiota commensals by phage consortia for treatment of intestinal inflammation. Cell. 185:2879–2898.e24. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Duan Y, Young R and Schnabl B: Bacteriophages and their potential for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 19:135–144. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Shuwen H and Kefeng D: Intestinal phages interact with bacteria and are involved in human diseases. Gut Microbes. 14:21137172022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Duan Y, Llorente C, Lang S, Brandl K, Chu H, Jiang L, White RC, Clarke TH, Nguyen K, Torralba M, et al: Bacteriophage targeting of gut bacterium attenuates alcoholic liver disease. Nature. 575:505–511. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Fujiki J and Schnabl B: Phage therapy: Targeting intestinal bacterial microbiota for the treatment of liver diseases. JHEP Rep. 5:1009092023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Gong X, Geng H, Yang Y, Zhang S, He Z, Fan Y, Yin F, Zhang Z and Chen GQ: Metabolic engineering of commensal bacteria for gut butyrate delivery and dissection of host-microbe interaction. Metab Eng. 80:94–106. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Anand AC and Acharya SK: The story of ammonia in liver disease: An unraveling continuum. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 14:1013612024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kurtz CB, Millet YA, Puurunen MK, Perreault M, Charbonneau MR, Isabella VM, Kotula JW, Antipov E, Dagon Y, Denney WS, et al: An engineered E. coli Nissle improves hyperammonemia and survival in mice and shows dose-dependent exposure in healthy humans. Sci Transl Med. 11:eaau79752019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Yu M, Hu S, Tang B, Yang H and Sun D: Engineering Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 as a microbial chassis for therapeutic and industrial applications. Biotechnol Adv. 67:1082022023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Lynch JP, Goers L and Lesser CF: Emerging strategies for engineering Escherichia coli Nissle 1917-based therapeutics. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 43:772–786. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Husted AS, Trauelsen M, Rudenko O, Hjorth SA and Schwartz TW: GPCR-mediated signaling of metabolites. Cell Metab. 25:777–796. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Akiba Y and Kaunitz JD: Duodenal luminal chemosensing; acid, ATP, and nutrients. Curr Pharm Des. 20:2760–2765. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kokorovic A, Cheung GW, Breen DM, Chari M, Lam CK and Lam TK: Duodenal mucosal protein kinase C-δ regulates glucose production in rats. Gastroenterology. 141:1720–1727. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

van Baar ACG, Beuers U, Wong K, Haidry R, Costamagna G, Hafedi A, Deviere J, Ghosh SS, Lopez-Talavera JC, Rodriguez L, et al: Endoscopic duodenal mucosal resurfacing improves glycaemic and hepatic indices in type 2 diabetes: 6-month multicentre results. JHEP Rep. 1:429–437. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

de Oliveira GHP, de Moura DTH, Funari MP, McCarty TR, Ribeiro IB, Bernardo WM, Sagae VMT, Freitas JR Jr, Souza GMV and de Moura EGH: Metabolic effects of endoscopic duodenal mucosal resurfacing: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Obes Surg. 31:1304–1312. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Shamseddeen H, Vuppalanchi R and Gromski MA: Duodenal mucosal resurfacing for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 20:166–169. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Condello G and Chen CY: Minireview: Current status of endoscopic duodenal mucosal resurfacing. Obes Res Clin Pract. 14:504–507. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Mingrone G, van Baar AC, Deviere J, Hopkins D, Moura E, Cercato C, Rajagopalan H, Lopez-Talavera JC, White K, Bhambhani V, et al: Safety and efficacy of hydrothermal duodenal mucosal resurfacing in patients with type 2 diabetes: The randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled, multicentre REVITA-2 feasibility trial. Gut. 71:254–264. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Hadefi A, Verset L, Pezzullo M, Rosewick N, Degre D, Gustot T, Moreno C, Devière J and Trépo E: Endoscopic duodenal mucosal resurfacing for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): A pilot study. Endosc Int Open. 9:E1792–E1800. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI