Redox signaling‑mediated muscle atrophy in ACL injury: Role of physical exercise (Review)
- Authors:
- Yucong Wang
- Chunxiao Gu
- Hui Zhao
- Zhongzheng Li
- Anand Thirupathi
-
Affiliations: Department of Joint Surgery, Ningbo No. 9 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China, Department of Joint Surgery, Ningbo No. 9 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China, Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China - Published online on: March 4, 2025 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13484
- Article Number: 119
-
Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
This article is mentioned in:
Abstract
 |
 |
 |
 |
|
Musahl V and Karlsson J: Anterior cruciate ligament tear. N Engl J Med. 380:2341–2348. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Arundale AJH, Bizzini M, Giordano A, Hewett TE, Logerstedt DS, Mandelbaum B, Scalzitti DA, Silvers-Granelli H and Snyder-Mackler L: Exercise-based knee and anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 48:A1–A42. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Friel NA and Chu CR: The role of ACL injury in the development of posttraumatic knee osteoarthritis. Clin Sports Med. 32:1–12. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Mather RC III, Koenig L, Kocher MS, Dall TM, Gallo P, Scott DJ, Bach BR Jr and Spindler KP; MOON Knee Group, : Societal and economic impact of anterior cruciate ligament tears. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 95:1751–1759. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Herzog MM, Marshall SW, Lund JL, Pate V and Spang JT: Cost of outpatient arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction among commercially insured patients in the United States, 2005–2013. Orthop J Sports Med. 27:23259671166847762017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Taylor JB, Waxman JP, Richter SJ and Shultz SJ: Evaluation of the effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament Injury Prevention Programme training components: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 49:79–87. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sugimoto D, Myer GD, Barber Foss KD, Pepin MJ, Micheli LJ and Hewett TE: Critical components of neuromuscular training to reduce ACL injury risk in female athletes: meta-regression analysis. Br J Sports Med. 50:1259–1266. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kwon OS, Davi SM, White MS and Lepley LK: The role of mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species in non-invasive anterior cruciate ligament injury. FASEB J. 34:1. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Flück M, Viecelli C, Bapst AM, Kasper S, Valdivieso P, Franchi MV, Ruoss S, Lüthi JM, Bühler M, Claassen H, et al: Knee extensors muscle plasticity over a 5-years rehabilitation process after open knee surgery. Front Physiol. 9:13432018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ogata Y, Mabuchi Y, Shinoda K, Horiike Y, Mizuno M, Otabe K, Suto EG, Suzuki N, Sekiya I and Akazawa C: Anterior cruciate ligament-derived mesenchymal stromal cells have a propensity to differentiate into the ligament lineage. Regen Ther. 8:20–28. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Powers SK, Ji LL, Kavazis AN and Jackson MJ: Reactive oxygen species: Impact on skeletal muscle. Compr Physiol. 1:941–969. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Powers SK, Deminice R, Ozdemir M, Yoshihara T, Bomkamp MP and Hyatt H: Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Friend or foe? J Sport Health Sci. 9:415–425. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Jackson MJ, Stretton C and McArdle A: Hydrogen peroxide as a signal for skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise: What do concentrations tell us about potential mechanisms? Redox Biol. 35:1014842020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kehm R, Baldensperger T, Raupbach J and Höhn A: Protein oxidation-Formation mechanisms, detection and relevance as biomarkers in human diseases. Redox Biol. 42:1019012021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zmijewski JW, Banerjee S, Bae H, Friggeri A, Lazarowski ER and Abraham E: Exposure to hydrogen peroxide induces oxidation and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem. 285:33154–33164. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Fang Y, Huang H, Zhou G, Wang Q, Gao F, Li C, Liu Y and Lin J: An animal model study on the gene expression profile of meniscal degeneration. Sci Rep. 10:214692020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
LeRoith D, Holly JMP and Forbes BE: Insulin-like growth factors: Ligands, binding proteins, and receptors. Mol Metab. 52:1012452021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Katsuragawa Y, Saitoh K, Tanaka N, Wake M, Ikeda Y, Furukawa H, Tohma S, Sawabe M, Ishiyama M, Yagishita S, et al: Changes of human menisci in osteoarthritic knee joints. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 18:1133–1143. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Heppner DE, Dustin CM, Liao C, Hristova M, Veith C, Little AC, Ahlers BA, White SL, Deng B, Lam YW, et al: Direct cysteine sulfenylation drives activation of the Src kinase. Nat Commun. 9:45222018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Murray MM, Martin SD and Spector M: Migration of cells from human anterior cruciate ligament explants into collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds. J Orthop Res. 18:557–564. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Min J, Reznichenko M, Poythress RH, Gallant CM, Vetterkind S, Li Y and Morgan KG: Src modulates contractile vascular smooth muscle function via regulation of focal adhesions. J Cell Physiol. 227:3585–35492. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ellgaard L, Sevier CS and Bulleid NJ: How are proteins reduced in the endoplasmic reticulum? Trends Biochem Sci. 43:32–43. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Irrcher I, Ljubicic V and Hood DA: Interactions between ROS and AMP kinase activity in the regulation of PGC-1alpha transcription in skeletal muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 296:C116–C123. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Chen J, Zhou R, Feng Y and Cheng L: Molecular mechanisms of exercise contributing to tissue regeneration. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 7:3832022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sanada Y, Tan SJO, Adachi N and Miyaki S: Pharmacological targeting of heme oxygenase-1 in osteoarthritis. Antioxidants (Basel). 10:4192021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Hu S, Zhang C, Ni L, Huang C, Chen D, Shi K, Jin H, Zhang K, Li Y, Xie L, et al: Stabilization of HIF-1α alleviates osteoarthritis via enhancing mitophagy. Cell Death Dis. 11:4812020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhou Y, Zhang X, Baker JS, Davison GW and Yan X: Redox signaling and skeletal muscle adaptation during aerobic exercise. iScience. 27:1096432024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Hiebert P: The Nrf2 transcription factor: A multifaceted regulator of the extracellular matrix. Matrix Biol Plus. 10:1000572021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Morgan MJ and Liu ZG: Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling. Cell Res. 21:103–115. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Gallego-Selles A, Galvan-Alvarez V, Martinez-Canton M, Garcia-Gonzalez E, Morales-Alamo D, Santana A, Gonzalez-Henriquez JJ, Dorado C, Calbet JAL and Martin-Rincon M: Fast regulation of the NF-κB signalling pathway in human skeletal muscle revealed by high-intensity exercise and ischaemia at exhaustion: Role of oxygenation and metabolite accumulation. Redox Biol. 55:1023982022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Yang L, Xue R, Tang Z, Zhang J, Wang Y and Sung KL: Role of NF-κB in the injury induced MMP expression and activities in ACL. World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering. Dössel O and Schlegel WC: IFMBE Proceedings Vol 4. Springer; Berlin: 2009 | |
|
Tierney MT, Aydogdu T, Sala D, Malecova B, Gatto S, Puri PL, Latella L and Sacco A: STAT3 signaling controls satellite cell expansion and skeletal muscle repair. Nat Med. 20:1182–1186. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Fang S, Wan X, Zou X, Sun S, Hao X, Liang C, Zhang Z, Zhang F, Sun B, Li H and Yu B: Arsenic trioxide induces macrophage autophagy and atheroprotection by regulating ROS-dependent TFEB nuclear translocation and AKT/mTOR pathway. Cell Death Dis. 12:882021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Jiang Y, Kou J, Han X, Li X, Zhong Z, Liu Z, Zheng Y, Tian Y and Yang L: ROS-dependent activation of autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is induced by hydroxysafflor yellow A-Sonodynamic therapy in THP-1 macrophages. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017:85191692017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Edström E, Altun M, Hägglund M and Ulfhake B: Atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1 are downregulated in aging-related loss of skeletal muscle. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 61:663–674. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Klotz LO, Sánchez-Ramos C, Prieto-Arroyo I, Urbánek P, Steinbrenner H and Monsalve M: Redox regulation of FoxO transcription factors. Redox Biol. 6:51–72. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lian D, Chen MM, Wu H, Deng S and Hu X: The role of oxidative stress in skeletal muscle myogenesis and muscle disease. Antioxidants (Basel). 11:7552022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Powers SK and Schrager M: Redox signaling regulates skeletal muscle remodeling in response to exercise and prolonged inactivity. Redox Biol. 54:1023742022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Keeble AR, Brightwell CR, Latham CM, Thomas NT, Mobley CB, Murach KA, Johnson DL, Noehren B and Fry CS: Depressed protein synthesis and anabolic signaling potentiate ACL tear-resultant quadriceps atrophy. Am J Sports Med. 51:81–96. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Feng L, Li B, Xi Y, Cai M and Tian Z: Aerobic exercise and resistance exercise alleviate skeletal muscle atrophy through IGF-1/IGF-1R-PI3K/Akt pathway in mice with myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 322:C164–C176. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Tan PL, Shavlakadze T, Grounds MD and Arthur PG: Differential thiol oxidation of the signaling proteins Akt, PTEN or PP2A determines whether Akt phosphorylation is enhanced or inhibited by oxidative stress in C2C12 myotubes derived from skeletal muscle. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 62:72–79. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bodine SC and Baehr LM: Skeletal muscle atrophy and the E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx/atrogin-1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 307:E469–E484. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Noehren B, Andersen A, Hardy P, Johnson DL, Ireland ML, Thompson KL and Damon B: Cellular and morphological alterations in the vastus lateralis muscle as the result of ACL injury and reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 98:1541–1547. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Latham CM, Balawender PJ, Thomas NT, Keeble AR, Brightwell CR, Ismaeel A, Wen Y, Fry JL, Sullivan PG, Johnson DL, et al: Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase mitigates ACL injury-induced muscle atrophy, weakness and oxidative damage. Free Radic Biol Med. 212:191–198. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lepley LK, Davi SM, Hunt ER, Burland JP, White MS, McCormick GY and Butterfield TA: Morphology and anabolic response of skeletal muscles subjected to eccentrically or concentrically biased exercise. J Athl Train. 55:336–342. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lepley LK, Davi SM, Burland JP and Lepley AS: Muscle atrophy after ACL injury: Implications for clinical practice. Sports Health. 12:579–586. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Oberhofer K, Hosseini Nasab SH, Schütz P, Postolka B, Snedeker JG, Taylor W and List R: The influence of muscle-tendon forces on ACL loading during jump landing: A systematic review. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 7:125–135. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Martin TD, Dennis MD, Gordon BS, Kimball SR and Jefferson LS: mTORC1 and JNK coordinate phosphorylation of the p70S6K1 autoinhibitory domain in skeletal muscle following functional overloading. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 306:E1397–E1405. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Jones TW, Eddens L, Kupusarevic J, Simoes DCM, Furber MJW, van Someren KA and Howatson G: Aerobic exercise intensity does not affect the anabolic signaling following resistance exercise in endurance athletes. Sci Rep. 11:107852021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Mitchell CJ, Churchward-Venne TA, Parise G, Bellamy L, Baker SK, Smith K, Atherton PJ and Phillips SM: Acute post-exercise myofibrillar protein synthesis is not correlated with resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy in young men. PLoS One. 9:e894312014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Miller BF, Olesen JL, Hansen M, Døssing S, Crameri RM, Welling RJ, Langberg H, Flyvbjerg A, Kjaer M, Babraj JA, et al: Coordinated collagen and muscle protein synthesis in human patella tendon and quadriceps muscle after exercise. J Physiol. 567:1021–1033. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kumar V, Atherton P, Smith K and Rennie MJ: Human muscle protein synthesis and breakdown during and after exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 106:2026–2039. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Plotkin DL, Roberts MD, Haun CT and Schoenfeld BJ: Muscle fiber type transitions with exercise training: Shifting perspectives. Sports (Basel). 9:1272021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Meng Q and Su CH: The impact of physical exercise on oxidative and nitrosative stress: Balancing the benefits and risks. Antioxidants (Basel). 13:5732024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Nyland J, Pyle B, Krupp R, Kittle G, Richards J and Brey J: ACL microtrauma: Healing through nutrition, modified sports training, and increased recovery time. J Exp Orthop. 9:1212022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Amjad S, Nisar S, Bhat AA, Shah AR, Frenneaux MP, Fakhro K, Haris M, Reddy R, Patay Z, Baur J and Bagga P: Role of NAD+in regulating cellular and metabolic signaling pathways. Mol Metab. 49:1011952021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Shadiow J, Miranda ER, Perkins RK, Mazo CE, Lin Z, Lewis KN, Mey JT, Solomon TPJ and Haus JM: Exercise-induced changes to the fiber type-specific redox state in human skeletal muscle are associated with aerobic capacity. J Appl. Physiol (1985). 135:508–518. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
de Guia RM, Agerholm M, Nielsen TS, Consitt LA, Søgaard D, Helge JW, Larsen S, Brandauer J, Houmard JA and Treebak JT: Aerobic and resistance exercise training reverses age-dependent decline in NAD+salvage capacity in human skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep. 7:e141392019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kuenze CM, Blemker SS and Hart JM: Quadriceps function relates to muscle size following ACL reconstruction. J Orthop Res. 34:1656–1662. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Davi SM, Ahn A, White MS, Butterfield TA, Kosmac K, Kwon OS and Lepley LK: Long-Lasting impairments in quadriceps mitochondrial health, muscle size, and phenotypic composition are present after non-invasive anterior cruciate ligament injury. Front Physiol. 13:8052132022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Mendias CL, Lynch EB, Davis ME, Sibilsky Enselman ER, Harning JA, Dewolf PD, Makki TA and Bedi A: Changes in circulating biomarkers of muscle atrophy, inflammation, and cartilage turnover in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and rehabilitation. Am J Sports Med. 41:1819–1826. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Mittal M, Siddiqui MR, Tran K, Reddy SP and Malik AB: Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury. Antioxid Redox Signal. 20:1126–1167. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ismail S, Sturrock A, Wu P, Cahill B, Norman K, Huecksteadt T, Sanders K, Kennedy T and Hoidal J: NOX4 mediates hypoxia-induced proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells: the role of autocrine production of transforming growth factor-{beta}1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 296:L489–L499. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Barker T, Leonard SW, Trawick RH, Martins TB, Kjeldsberg CR, Hill HR and Traber MG: Modulation of inflammation by vitamin E and C supplementation prior to anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Free Radic Biol Med. 46:599–606. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Barker T, Leonard SW, Trawick RH, Walker JA and Traber MG: Antioxidant supplementation lowers circulating IGF-1 but not F(2)-isoprostanes immediately following anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Redox Rep. 14:221–226. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Fadilah NIM, Phang SJ, Kamaruzaman N, Salleh A, Zawani M, Sanyal A, Maarof M and Fauzi MB: Antioxidant biomaterials in cutaneous wound healing and tissue regeneration: A critical review. Antioxidants (Basel). 12:7872023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Comino-Sanz IM, López-Franco MD, Castro B and Pancorbo-Hidalgo PL: The role of antioxidants on wound healing: A review of the current evidence. J Clin Med. 10:35582021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Multisanti CR, Zicarelli G, Caferro A, Filice M, Faggio C, Vazzana I, Blahova J, Lakdawala P, Cerra MC, Imbrogno S and Impellitteri F: From personal care to coastal concerns: Investigating polyethylene glycol impact on Mussel's antioxidant, physiological, and cellular responses. Antioxidants (Basel). 13:7342024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Pinho RA, Haupenthal DPS, Fauser PE, Thirupathi A and Silveira PCL: Gold nanoparticle-based therapy for muscle inflammation and oxidative stress. J Inflamm Res. 15:3219–3234. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Thirupathi A, Guzzatti MFM, Corrêa MEAB, Venturini LM, Casagrande LR, Lima IR, Da Costa C, De Pieri E, Tietbohl LTW, Feuser PE, et al: Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles with curcumin or açai in the tissue repair of palatal wounds. Antioxidants (Basel). 12:15742023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Tellechea E, Asensio AC, Ciaurriz P, Buezo J, López-Gómez P, Urra M and Moran JF: A study of the interface of gold nanoparticles conjugated to cowpea fe-superoxide dismutase. Antioxidants (Basel). 11:20822022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Mongin C, Golden JH and Castellano FN: Liquid PEG polymers containing antioxidants: A versatile platform for studying oxygen-sensitive photochemical processes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 8:24038–24048. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
da Silva BD, do Rosário DKA, Neto LT, Lelis CA and Conte-Junior CA: Antioxidant, antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of nanoemulsion-based natural compound delivery systems compared with non-nanoemulsified versions. Foods. 12:19012023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Timpani CA, Kourakis S, Debruin DA, Campelj DG, Pompeani N, Dargahi N, Bautista AP, Bagaric RM, Ritenis EJ, Sahakian L, et al: Dimethyl fumarate modulates the dystrophic disease program following short-term treatment. JCI Insight. 8:e1659742023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bernardes D and de Oliveira ALR: Regular exercise modifies histopathological outcomes of pharmacological treatment in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Front Neurol. 9:9502018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sun C, Yang C, Xue R, Li S, Zhang T, Pan L, Ma X, Wang L and Li D: Sulforaphane alleviates muscular dystrophy in mdx mice by activation of Nrf2. J Appl Physiol (1985). 118:224–237. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Pan Y, Chen C, Shen Y, Zhu CH, Wang G, Wang XC, Chen HQ and Zhu MS: Curcumin alleviates dystrophic muscle pathology in mdx mice. Mol Cells. 25:531–537. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bronisz-Budzynska I, Kozakowska M, Podkalicka P, Kachamakova-Trojanowska N, Łoboda A and Dulak J: The role of Nrf2 in acute and chronic muscle injury. Skelet Muscle. 10:352020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Baird L and Yamamoto M: The molecular mechanisms regulating the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway. Mol Cell Biol. 40:e00099–20. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Noguchi N: Ebselen, a useful tool for understanding cellular redox biology and a promising drug candidate for use in human diseases. Arch Biochem Biophys. 595:109–112. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Margaritelis NV, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Kyparos A and Nikolaidis MG: Redox basis of exercise physiology. Redox Biol. 35:1014992020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sytha SP, Bray JF and Heaps CL: Exercise induces superoxide and NOX4 contribution in endothelium-dependent dilation in coronary arterioles from a swine model of chronic myocardial ischemia. Microvasc Res. 150:1045902023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Szekeres FLM, Walum E, Wikström P and Arner A: A small molecule inhibitor of Nox2 and Nox4 improves contractile function after ischemia-reperfusion in the mouse heart. Sci Rep. 11:119702021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Perez-Quilis C, Santos-Lozano A, Fiuza-Luces C, Garatachea N, Lippi G and Lucia A: Effects of allopurinol on exercise-induced muscle damage: new therapeutic approaches? Cell Stress Chaperones. 20:3–13. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Hou M, Hu Q, Chen Y, Zhao L, Zhang J and Bache RJ: Acute effects of febuxostat, a nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in pacing induced heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 48:255–263. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Fryburg DA: NG-monomethyl-L-arginine inhibits the blood flow but not the insulin-like response of forearm muscle to IGF-I: Possible role of nitric oxide in muscle protein synthesis. J Clin Invest. 97:1319–1328. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Hickner RC, Fisher JS, Ehsani AA and Kohrt WM: Role of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle blood flow at rest and during dynamic exercise in humans. Am J Physiol. 273:H405–H410. 1997.PubMed/NCBI |
