Fascin expression in dendritic cells and tumor epithelium in thymoma and thymic carcinoma
- Authors:
- Published online on: August 17, 2011 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2011.383
- Pages: 1025-1032
Abstract
Introduction
Thymoma is one of the most common tumors in the mediastinum and accounts for 45% of anterior mediastinal tumors in adults (1). Since it has a variable appearance in histology, it is classified based on the predominant cell types, such as lymphocytic, epithelial or spindle cell variants. Furthermore, a new classification system with the aim of grouping thymomas based on cytological differences has been proposed by the WHO, since a strong association exists between histological subtype and invasiveness as well as prognosis (2,3). The Masaoka staging system, which classifies tumors according to the degree of invasion through the capsule into the surrounding structures, has also been proposed (1,4,5). The Masaoka staging system has been reported to accurately reflect the prognosis of thymoma (2,6). On the other hand, thymic carcinoma is relatively rare and, histologically, it commonly manifests as squamous cell carcinoma or lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (2). In contrast to thymoma, thymic carcinoma usually features necrosis, cell atypia and mitosis, and is cytologically and clinically malignant (1,2).
Since divergent infiltration of lymphocytes has been observed in thymoma and thymic carcinoma, it has been postulated that, as with other organs (7), antigen presentation through MHC-II is associated with the amount of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, which reflects the above-mentioned histological subtypes. Previously, the association of presumed antigen-presenting cells, which are immunohistochemically positive for CD1a and S100 protein, in thymic neoplasms was investigated (8–10). However, it was subsequently established that CD1a and S100 protein are not specific markers for antigen-presenting cells. Instead, immunohistochemically fascin+ cells with dendritic morphology were found to be more specific for antigen-presenting mature dendritic cells (DCs) (11,12). We demonstrated the contribution of fascin+ mature DCs in tumor-related sarcoid reactions in various types of cancer, which implicated the occurrence of tumor immunity (12).
Fascin is a 55-kDa actin-binding protein and a major regulating factor of the cytoskeleton that localizes to microspikes, filopodia and protrusions under the cytomembrane (11,13). In normal adult human tissues, fascin expression is restricted to neurons and DCs; both cell types have markedly large filopodia and are highly motile (11,13). Fascin expression in various neoplastic cells has also been investigated, and its expression has been reported to be associated with epithelial to mesenchymal progression and invasion of tumor cells as well as a clinically aggressive manifestation and poorer prognosis (14–23). However, to the best of our knowledge, immunohistochemical studies for the detection of fascin+ mature DCs in thymoma have yet to be performed. In addition, fascin expression in the epithelial components of thymomas and thymic carcinomas remains to be investigated. Thus, the present study was designed to assess fascin expression in DCs and tumor epithelia in thymomas and thymic carcinomas.
Materials and methods
Case selection and immunohistochemistry of fascin
In the present study, resected thymoma and thymic carcinoma specimens were obtained by standard thoracotomies and tumor resections from patients analyzed between 2003 and 2010. Following informed patient consent, the tissues were used for the diagnostic work-up and transferred to the archival files at Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, according to the data and ethics protection rules of the Medical Faculty. The tissues were fixed by immersion in 4% formalin for 24 h and embedded in paraffin using standard techniques. One representative tissue sample that included the tumor area key to diagnosis was selected in each case. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Additionally, the immunohistochemical staining of fascin was performed using a mouse monoclonal anti-fascin antibody (clone 55K-2, dilution 1:500; Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) on 4-μm paraffin-embedded sections, using a LSAB method by the Nex-ES IHC staining module (Ventana I-VIEW DAB universal kit; Ventana Medical Systems Inc., Tucson, AZ, USA). To expose antigens, sections were autoclaved in citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 10 min and cooled for 30 min. Nuclear counterstaining was performed with Mayer’s hematoxylin. For the negative control, the incubation step with the primary antibody was omitted.
Interpretation of immunohistochemical results of fascin
Light microscopy performed with a Carl Zeiss HAL 100 instrument and W-PI 10x/23 ocular lens was used to analyze and quantitate the immunohistochemical data. With regard to the number of fascin-positive DCs (fascin+ DCs) in each preparation, immunopositive cells with dendritic morphology were counted in 1/16 mm2 squares within 8 randomly selected fields using ×400 magnification, and the sum of all cell counts within a total of 0.5 mm2 tissue area was allocated a point score as follows: 0–40 cells, 0; 41–80 cells, 1; 81–120 cells, 2; and >120 cells, 3. Fascin+ DCs occasionally formed a cluster, where they aggregated and were arranged at even intervals (DC-cluster). These clusters were analyzed in detail, and the mean interval between neighboring DCs was measured in each preparation using ×400 magnification. The ratio of the area where DCs formed clusters to the total tumor area (DC-cluster ratio) was then assessed in each preparation using ×100 magnification and allocated a point score as follows: 0–25%, 0; 26–50%, 1; 51–75%, 2; and 76–100%, 3. The amount of fascin+ tumor epithelium was assessed as a ratio of positive cell components to total epithelial components in each preparation using ×100 magnification and scored as above: 0–25%, 0; 26–50%, 1; 51–75%, 2; and 76–100%, 3. Using the positively stained blood vessel endothelial cells as an internal control, the intensity of positive staining in DCs and tumor epithelium was assessed (intensity of DCs and intensity of epithelium, respectively) and allocated a point score as follows: negative, 0; less than the control, 1; equal to the control, 2; and more than the control, 3, according to the established counting system of fascin intensity (16). In specimens where normal thymus were included, fascin expression in infiltrating DCs and normal thymic epithelium as well as immunoreactive intensity were assessed, but they were not allocated characteristic point scores since these factors were generally negligible in normal thymus.
Clinicopathological and statistical analysis
Clinico-pathological information was allocated point scores as follows. For the patients’ gender, scores were assigned as male, 0 or female, 1. Scores for patients’ age were assigned according to years: <40, 0; 40–49, 1; 50–59, 2; 60–69, 3; 70–79, 4; and >79, 5. Complications from myasthenia gravis were assessed and scored as absent, 0 or present, 1. Limited to the cases in which lymph node dissection was performed, lymph node metastasis was graded as (−), 0 or (+), 1. The Masaoka staging system was also utilized and scored as: stage 1, 0; stage 2, 1; stage 3, 2; stage 4a, 3; and stage 4b, 4. The maximum diameter of the tumor (tumor diameter) was graded as: <3 cm, 0; 3.1–6 cm, 1; 6.1–9 cm, 2; 9.1–12 cm, 3; 12.1–15 cm, 4; or >15 cm, 5. The histology of the tumor was subdivided and scored in various ways. First, differentiation between thymoma and thymic carcinoma (thymoma vs. carcinoma) was assessed and scored as thymoma, 0 or thymic carcinoma, 1. Second, limited only to thymoma, ‘histological variants’ were assigned point scores as: lymphocytic-predominant (Type B1), 0; intermediate (Types AB and B2), 1; and thymic epithelial-predominant (Types A and B3), 2 (24). For thymoma alone, histology based on the origin of thymic epithelium (epithelial origin) was graded as: medullary epithelium (Type A), 0; mixed (Type AB), 1; or cortical epithelium (Types B1, B2 and B3), 2 (3). Based on the point scores described above, statistical analyses using Spearman’s rank correlation was performed with the SPSS software package (standard version, release 10.0.7 J; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The data are presented as the means ± standard deviation where appropriate.
Additional immunostaining for limited cases
To assess the fascin+ cell types, the most recent case was selected from each diagnostic category (Types A, AB, B1, B2 and B3 thymomas; and thymic carcinoma). For these 6 selected samples, additional immunostainings for S100 protein (polyclonal rabbit, dilution 1:800; Dako), HLA-DR (clone TAL.1B5, dilution 1:1,000; Dako), CD1a (clone MTB-1, dilution 1:25; Novocastra, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) and cytokeratin AE1/AE3 (clone AE1/AE3, dilution 1/100; Dako), were performed. The above-mentioned LSAB method by the Nex-ES IHC staining module was used, with the exception of CD1a visualization, which was performed via the polymer peroxidase method (ACUITY Advanced Biotin Free HRP Polymer Detection System; Covance Research Products, Inc., Dedham, MA, USA). For antigen retrieval, tissues for HLA-DR and CD1a immunostainings were autoclaved in citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 10 min and in citrate buffer (pH 9.0) for 5 min, respectively. Immunopositive cells with dendritic morphology were assessed and compared to those stained for fascin. These cells were also counted in 1/16 mm2 squares within 8 randomly selected fields using ×400 magnification. The sum of the cell counts within a total of 0.5 mm2 tissue area was then calculated, except in the assessment of cytokeratin AE1/AE3.
Results
A total of 34 cases of thymoma and 5 cases of thymic carcinoma diagnosed and resected during the past 8 years at the Kyorin University Hospital were identified and used in this study. The clinical data are shown in Table I. The thymoma cases comprised 23 males and 11 females, whereas the thymic carcinoma cases included 3 males and 2 females. The mean age of thymoma patients was 56.1±14.3 years, whereas that of thymic carcinoma patients was 63.0±5.66 years. In total, 8 cases with complications from myasthenia gravis were identified, 7 of whom were male patients. In other cases, thymic neoplasms were found incidentally. Lymph node dissection was performed in 18 cases, including 4 thymic carcinomas, and lymph node metastasis was identified in 7 cases, including 2 thymic carcinomas. Normal thymus was included in 28 of the analyzed cases.
The immunohistochemical results for fascin are shown in Table II. Fascin+ mature DCs were identified in the thymoma and thymic carcinoma specimens, particularly in the regions of lymphocytic infiltration (Fig. 1). Diffuse DC-clusters were observed in Type B1 thymomas (Fig. 2), whereas DC-clusters were identified in regions of cortical differentiation in other types of thymomas. The mean interval between neighboring DCs within the DC-clusters was 25–50 μm in each specimen. In normal thymus, DCs in the cortex and medulla were generally positive for fascin (Fig. 3A). Fascin+ epithelium was observed in all of the thymoma specimens (Figs. 1 and 2), although the immunoreactive intensity was variable and generally weaker than the intensity of DCs. Only 1 out of 5 thymic carcinoma specimens had fascin+ epithelium, while no epithelial fascin expression was observed in the remaining 4 specimens (Fig. 4).
Correlation coefficients were obtained (Tables III and IV) using these clinicopathological and immunohistochemical data, with plus and minus symbols showing positive and negative correlations, respectively. Only the significant results (p<0.05) are appointed Spearman’s rho (‘r’), a non-parametric measure of correlation that assesses how well an arbitrary monotonic function describes the relationship between two variables without making any other assumptions about the particular nature of the relationship between the variables. Table III shows the correlations between the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical data, while Table IV shows the results of mutual correlations between different immunohistochemical data.
As shown in Table III, fascin+ DCs showed negative correlations with the patients’ gender, thymoma vs. carcinoma and histological variants, whereas it demonstrated positive correlations with complication from myasthenia gravis, tumor diameter and epithelial origin. Therefore, fascin+ DCs appear more frequently in benign thymic neoplasms with a greater diameter, which are lymphocytic-predominant variants and of cortical epithelium origin, and in male patients with complication from myasthenia gravis. Intensity of DCs showed a positive correlation with epithelial origin, while it showed negative correlations with thymoma vs. carcinoma and the Masaoka stage scores. Therefore, DCs with a higher intensity of fascin are characteristic of benign thymic neoplasms of cortical epithelial origin with a lower Masaoka stage. The ratio of DC-cluster inversely correlated with both thymoma vs. carcinoma and histological variants, which was identical to the statistical results of fascin+ DCs. Both the ratio of fascin+ epithelium and intensity of epithelium demonstrated a negative correlation with the Masaoka stage scores, indicating that these immunohistochemical results are characteristic of specimens with lower Masaoka stage. Patients’ age and lymph node metastasis did not correlate with any of the immunohistochemical results. As shown in Table IV, fascin+ DCs correlated with the intensity of DCs and DC-cluster ratio. Intensity of DCs also showed positive correlations with DC-cluster ratio and fascin+ epithelium. DC-cluster ratio further correlated with fascin+ epithelium and intensity of epithelium. Statistical analysis also revealed that fascin+ epithelium was positively correlated with intensity of epithelium.
With regard to the various immunohistochemical markers in the selected specimens, the presence of fascin+ DCs in thymic neoplasms grossly corresponded to HLA-DR+ DCs. However, a greater number of fascin+ signals was observed in the cortical differentiation area, as noted in Types B1 and B2 thymomas. Fascin+ DCs also occasionally co-expressed S100 protein in the medullary differentiation area, but did not express CD1a (Fig. 5A-D). CD1a was also positive in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of Types AB, B1 and B2 thymomas, but negative in lymphocytes of other types and of carcinoma. Cytokeratin AE1/AE3 was generally positive in the epithelial components of thymic neoplasms (Fig. 5E). These results are shown in Table V. Notably, in normal thymus, both fascin and HLA-DR were positive for DCs in the medulla, while some fascin+ DCs in the cortex were negative for HLA-DR (Fig. 3B).
Discussion
The present study is the first to immunohistochemically assess the expression of fascin in thymoma and thymic carcinoma. Infiltrating DCs and tumor epithelium were confirmed to be positive for fascin in all thymoma tissues, whereas predominantly infiltrating fascin+ DCs were identified in the thymic carcinoma tissues. S100 protein was formerly a commonly used marker for DCs. A number of immunohistochemical studies for S100 protein in thymomas were previously performed, and it was reported that abundant S100+ DCs were observed along with mature T-lymphocytes, especially in lymphocytic-predominant variants of thymoma (10,25,26). However, S100 protein is positive in both immature and mature DCs. Immature DCs are capable of antigen uptake and processing, but are unable to stimulate naïve T-lymphocytes. On the other hand, mature DCs bind and stimulate T-lymphocytes (7). Fascin is an actin-bundling protein expressed by mature DCs and certain other cell types, including blood vessel endothelial cells (12,27). In the present study, fascin+ DCs did not correspond to S100+ DCs, particularly in the cortical differentiation area in the selected specimens. It has also been proposed that S100+ DCs are interdigitating reticulum cells, which are abundant in the medullary differentiation area (10,25). In the present study, fascin+ DCs were frequently identified in the cortical differentiation area, as verified by positive correlation between fascin+ DCs and epithelial origin, as well as with the co-expression of HLA-DR, a marker of antigen presentation (28). Therefore, we postulate that these fascin+ mature DCs promote tumor immunity through antigen presentation. However, in the cortex of normal thymus, fascin+ and HLA-DR− cells were also observed, as reported by other authors (28). Furthermore, this study also revealed that fascin+ DCs did not co-express CD1a, found mostly in immature DCs, although some thymic lymphocytes were positive for CD1a, as previously reported (9).
The present study verifies that the observed fascin+ DC-clusters are mainly associated with benign thymic neoplasms and lymphocytic-predominant variants, since fascin+ DCs and DC-cluster ratio inversely correlated with thymoma vs. carcinoma and histological variants. The positive correlation found between fascin+ DC and DC-cluster ratio indicates that the clusters are formed by numerous DCs. Whether the DCs infiltrate primarily or secondarily to lymphocytic infiltration remains to be clarified. However, if DCs infiltrate secondarily to lymphocytic infiltration, evenly-arranged structures, such as those observed in our cases, could not be explained. Therefore, it is more likely that mature DCs primarily capture tumor-related antigens and process and present them to T lymphocytes for recruitment of other lymphocytes (7). Brunhuber et al, Ambe et al and Becker have reported that the amounts of tumor-infiltrating DCs and lymphocytes are interrelated in various tumors, such as melanoma, thyroid, esophageal, gastric and rectal cancers (18,29,30).
With regard to the correlations between clinicopathological data and infiltrating mature DCs, it is noteworthy that fascin+ DCs correlated with complications from myasthenia gravis. This may be due to the fact that only the cases with Types AB, B1 and B2 thymomas, which are relatively lymphocyte-rich variants, experienced complications from myasthenia gravis in the present study. This result is in accordance with the fact that myasthenia gravis is frequently associated with Types AB, B2 and B3 thymomas (31). Alternatively, the frequent infiltration of mature DCs in thymomas may explain the reason for the more favourable prognoses of thymoma patients with myasthenia gravis, which may initiate tumor immunity, than patients with a poor prognosis (4). Fascin+ DCs also correlated with patients’ gender, thus indicating that mature DCs frequently infiltrate into thymic neoplasms of male patients. However, this may be a confounding factor, as 7 out of 8 patients with complications from myasthenia gravis were males in the present study. The reason for the positive correlation between fascin+ DCs and tumor diameter may be that larger tumors are likely to be more frequently recognized by DCs.
With regard to the fascin expression level in DCs, it has been reported that increased fascin expression is associated with enhanced cell motility (14). In the present study, intensity of DCs correlated with epithelial origin. Therefore, cortical epithelium may strongly induce mobile DCs. Cortical epithelium in normal thymus is known to be associated with maturation of T lymphocytes, by expressing MHC I and II molecules (28). Modified MHC molecules during tumor formation may be recognized as antigens by DCs, thus activated DCs may express increased fascin. Intensity of DCs further correlated with fascin+ DCs and DC-cluster ratio, suggesting that activated DCs tend to aggregate and recruit lymphocytes, resulting in evenly arranged DC structures. Intensity of DCs exhibited a negative correlation with Masaoka stage scores, indicating that activated DCs induce immunoreaction and suppress the invasiveness of the tumor.
Of note is that the ratio of fascin+ epithelium was also inversely correlated with Masaoka stage scores in the present study. By contrast, it has been reported that fascin+ tumor epithelium has strong invasiveness with poorer prognosis in various carcinomas, such as ovarian, breast, pancreas, lung, cutaneous, brain, gastrointestinal, thyroid, prostate, urothelial, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and skin tumors (14–23). The significance of epithelial fascin expression has been reported to be associated with invasiveness and metastasis, since it aids in cell migration and proliferation through increases in lamellipodial and filopodial cell protrusions (15). Moreover, fascin+ tumor epithelium has been reported to express matrix metalloproteinase-9 to dissolve the stroma during migration (20). However, it has also been reported that epithelial fascin expression does not affect the prognosis in extrahepatic and hilar cholangiocarcinoma (20). We confirmed that fascin+-activated tumor epithelium may proliferate (14,15,19,21) since there was a positive correlation between intensity of epithelium and fascin+ epithelium. However, in the present study, fascin+ epithelium also correlated with intensity of DCs and DC-cluster ratio. Furthermore, intensity of epithelium positively correlated with DC-cluster ratio and inversely correlated with Masaoka stage scores. Therefore, in thymic neoplasms, invasive tumor epithelium with a wider proportion and higher intensity of fascin positivity probably induces tumor immunity through recognition by mature DCs. This may be one reason for the relatively favorable prognosis of thymoma in general (2).
It is noteworthy that only 1 out of 5 thymic carcinomas expressed epithelial fascin. Moreover, fascin+ DCs, DC-cluster and intensity of DCs were inversely correlated with thymoma vs. carcinoma, indicating that the amount and intensity of fascin expression in DCs as well as cluster-formation are associated predominantly with benign thymic neoplasms. These results also indicate that malignant transformation of the thymic neoplasm is associated with a paucity of activated DCs, presumably due to the poorer epithelial expression of fascin as mentioned earlier. Alternatively, it is also speculated that thymic carcinomas tend to proliferate as a block rather than via infiltration, thus escaping surveillance by DCs, since it has been reported that fascin is not expressed in the metastatic foci of colon carcinomas, whereas it is expressed in the primary tumors (32). However, since the number of investigated thymic carcinomas in the present study was small, further studies with larger numbers of cases are required to elucidate the significance of fascin expression of thymic carcinomas.
In conclusion, fascin expression in DCs and tumor epithelium of thymic neoplasms was investigated, and it was revealed that the amount and/or higher intensity of fascin levels in DCs with the formation of clusters were associated with lymphocyte-rich variants and the cortical differentiation of thymoma with complications from myasthenia gravis. The quantity and strong intensity of fascin+ epithelium were associated with cluster-forming infiltrating fascin+ DCs and favorable prognosis, as assessed by the Masaoka staging system, thus fascin+ epithelium may promote tumor immunity.
Acknowledgements
This study was partly supported by the Tokyo Medical University Cancer Research Foundation.
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