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ZWINT: A potential therapeutic biomarker in patients with glioblastoma correlates with cell proliferation and invasion
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- Published online on: April 2, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2020.7573
- Pages: 1831-1844
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Copyright: © Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. High-grade GBM remains a devastating disease despite maximal therapy with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ). GBM patients present with only a 15- to 19-month median overall survival rate due to chemoradiotherapy resistance and recurrence (1). Recent studies have identified several molecular alterations involved in GBM carcinogenesis, progression, chemotherapeutic resistance and recurrence, such as IDH1, 1p/19q, MGMT, ATRX and PTEN, but the precise mechanisms underlying this malignancy and its rapid recurrence have not been fully elucidated (2–4). Targeting key genes and signaling pathways is considered a promising approach for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Therefore, finding potential biomarkers with bioinformatic analysis contributes to a better understanding of the occurrence and development of GBM.
Homo sapiens ZW10 interacting kinetochore protein (ZWINT) is a known component of the kinetochore complex required for the mitotic spindle checkpoint and plays crucial roles in mitotic cycle maintenance (5). The kinetochore is a highly complex structure that is central to many essential activities during cell division. The kinetochore, a tri-laminar plate to which microtubules attach, connects chromosomes to the spindle to ensure the accurate segregation of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis (6). ZWINT encodes a protein that is clearly involved in kinetochore function, possibly by regulating the association between ZW10 and centromere complexes during mitotic and mitotic prometaphase (7). It is known that abnormal mitosis is a common feature of most malignancies. Although the exact role of the molecular makeup of the kinetochore and how individual components of the kinetochore interact with each other are unknown, growing evidence shows that ZWINT is often highly expressed in a number of human cancers and is linked with poor clinical prognosis and early recurrence (8–10). However, its role in human GBM remains unclear. In our research, we aimed to investigate the expression of ZWINT and its biological significance in this primary malignancy.
Materials and methods
Dataset processing
TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas, http://cancergenome.nih.gov/) is a public repository for data storage that is freely available to users. A variety of human cancer and tumor subtype genomic mutation profiles (11), transcriptomic data (12), and clinical data (13) have been generated, providing a systematic characterization of methylation (14), miRNA expression (15), and oncogenic processes (16). Gene expression profiles of GBM were downloaded from the TCGA dataset, which contains 529 GBM samples and 10 normal samples. The data of the expression profile chip level 3 of these samples were sorted out for analyzing the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). However, multiple sets of data were assessed for certain samples in practice, thus the actual number of downloaded files was more than the original samples (548 GBM samples vs. 10 normal samples). We used P<0.05 and |FC| (fold change) ≥2 as the criteria, and the edgeR (https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/edgeR.html) (17,18) package in R 3.4.1 was used to identify DEGs in the GBM samples compared with normal brain samples to finally obtain the DEG list. Another gene dataset, GSE15824 (19), was downloaded from the NCBI GEO database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/), and GPL570 was the platform file. Standardization data were carried out using the RMA algorithm of the Affy (http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/Affy.html) (20) package in R software, which were used for the subsequent analysis.
GO and KEGG pathway analyses
Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) 6.8 (http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/) is an online platform that is used for gene annotation, visualization and integrated discovery (21,22). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were implemented with the DAVID database. Using this comprehensive tool, we can understand the biological meaning behind the DEGs more quickly and effectively. P<0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.
PPI network
The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING, http://string-db.org) database was queried to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network (23). A confidence score ≥0.9 was set as the cutoff criterion, and disconnected nodes were excluded from the network. CytoHubba and Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) in Cytoscape 3.5.1 were performed to identify hub genes and significant modules of the PPI network (24,25). The filter conditions were as follows: Degree cutoff=2, node score cutoff=0.2, k-core=2, and max. depth=100.
Correlation analysis
The GSE15824 dataset contained 40 GBM samples and 5 normal brain tissues. R software was used to evaluate the correlation between the expression of ZWINT and other related hub genes, and the Pearson correlation coefficient (R) was used to reflect the degree of linear correlations. The comparison criteria were as follows: Within −1<R<1, if R>0, indicated a positive correlation between the two genes; R<0 indicated a negative correlation, and the greater the absolute value of R, the more significant was the negative correlation; and R=0 indicated nonlinear correlation.
Cell culture
The human GBM cell lines U251, U87 MG, A172, and U373 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The specific origin of U87 MG cells is unknown in the ATCC version. These four cell lines were authenticated using short tandem repeat (STR) profiling analysis following ISO 9001:2008 and ISO/IEC 17025:2005 quality standards. The percent matches for U251, U373, A172 and U87 MG cells were 100, 89, 100 and 100%, respectively. They were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Ausbian, USA) and incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2.
Immunohistochemistry microarray
A commercially available GBM tissue microarray (TMA) slide was purchased from Shanghai GeneChem Co., Ltd., for IHC analysis. A specific primary antibody against ZWINT was utilized for immunohistochemistry (IHC) with a 2-step protocol. IHC scores were calculated according to the intensity and proportion of positive staining. Staining intensity was classified as 0 (negative), 1 (weak), 2 (moderate) and 3 (strong). The positive cell ratio of the stained cells was scored as 0 (<1%), 1 (1–25%), 2 (26–50%), 3 (51–75%) and 4 (76–100%). The multiplied result of the two scores represented the protein levels of ZWINT, and an immunoreactive score (IRS) >6 was defined as a high expression level of ZWINT, while an IRS ≤6 indicated a low level of ZWINT.
Quantitative PCR (qPCR)
Total RNA was extracted from cells using a TRIzol kit (cat. no. 3101-100, Pufei Biotechnology), and complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized with the M-MLV reagent (Promega). The SYBR Master Mix (Takara) and Mx3000P Real-Time PCR machine were used to perform RT-qPCR. The PCR primers (GeneChem) were ZWINT-F, 5′-CACGTAGAGGCCATCAAAATTGG-3′ and ZWINT-R, 5′-CGGAGTTGTGTCCGTTTCCT-3′; GAPDH-F, 5′-TGACTTCAACAGCGACACCCA-3′ and GAPDH-R, 5′-CACCCTGTTGCTGTAGCCAAA-3′. Relative quantification was calculated using the ΔΔCq method (26), normalized based on GAPDH, and conducted in triplicate.
ZWINT shRNA design and vector transfection
According to the cDNA sequence of ZWINT (Gene Bank accession no. NM_007057) and the design principle of the small hairpin RNA (shRNA), three target characteristic sequences and nonspecific sequences were selected. shRNA against ZWINT was transfected into 293T cells using Lipofectamine 2000™ reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), and the expression of ZWINT at the protein level was detected by Western blot analylsis to determine the transfection efficiency. The optimal target sequence was selected: 5′-TTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGT-3′. ZWINT shRNA and the control shRNA were provided by GeneChem Co., Ltd. ZWINT shRNA was used to knock down ZWINT expression in the U251 and U87 MG cells with Lipofectamine 2000 reagent. At 72 h after transfection, U251 and U87 cells were harvested for later research.
Western blot assay
293T cells were lysed in radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer after transfection with shRNA for 72 h. A BCA Protein Assay Kit was used to detect the total protein concentration. Equal amounts of protein lysates were electrophoresed in 10% SDS-PAGE gels and then transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes, which were blocked by Tris-buffered saline with Tween (TBST) containing 5% milk. Protein expression was probed with mouse anti-FLAG (F1804; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) and goat anti-mouse IgG (SC-2005; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.). Protein expression in 293T cells that were exogenously transfected with a plasmid encoding FLAG-tagged ZWINT was detected by mouse anti-FLAG and mouse anti-GAPDH (SC-32233; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.). The ECL-PLUS kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific. Inc) was used to detect the signals on X-ray film. GAPDH was used as the reference protein to calculate the relative protein levels. Independent tests were performed in triplicate.
Cell growth and MTT proliferation assay
The number of cells at each time point was counted by a Celigo Image Cytometer (Nexcelom Bioscience). Briefly, the GBM cells were cultured in 96-well plates at an initial density of 2×103 cells/well. Each group had three wells (10 µl/well) and was incubated at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2. Fluorescence photomicrographs were captured, and cells with green fluorescence were measured by a Celigo Image Cytometer. Cell growth curves were generated for a time course of 5 days. MTT [3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (Genview Scientific. Inc.) was used to measure cell viability. The infected cells (2×103 cells/well) were collected and reseeded in 96-well plates. From the first to the 5th day, a total of 20 µl MTT solution (5 mg/ml) was added to the cells. Subsequently, the supernatants were removed, 100 µl DMSO was added to each well, and the plates were oscillated for 3 min. Finally, the optical density (OD) at 490 nm was measured with a microplate reader.
Transwell chamber assay
U251 and U87 MG cells were transfected with ZWINT shRNA or NC, cultured for 72 h and harvested. The invasion assay, in which the Transwell chamber was coated with Matrigel, was conducted according to the manufacturer's instructions for the Corning Invasion Kit (Corning Inc.). A total of 500 µl cell suspension in FBS-free DMEM (105 cells/well in a 24-well plate) was added to the upper chamber, and 750 µl DMEM containing 30% FBS was added to the lower chamber. Cells were removed from the upper chamber of the filter with a cotton swab after 24 h of incubation at 37°C. Cells on the underside were washed with PBS, stained with Giemsa, captured with a digital camera and counted in 5 randomly selected fields of vision at ×100 magnification and 9 randomly fields of vision at ×200 magnification under a phase contrast microscope.
Flow cytometry and caspase-3/7 assay
Apoptotic cells were assessed using the Annexin V apoptosis kit (88–8007; eBioscience). In short, cells were trypsinized, washed and centrifuged at 283 × g for 5 min. Then, 1X binding buffer was used to wash the cells again by resuspending the cells in 200 µl. Then, the cells were incubated with 10 µl Annexin V-APC at room temperature for 15 min in the dark. Finally, the Annexin V-stained cells were analyzed with a flow cytometer (Millipore) to determine the proportion of apoptotic cells.
Caspase-3/7 are central effector caspases in apoptosis and are usually used to measure apoptotic activities. GBM cells were first transfected with the ZWINT shRNA and NC. Next, 1×104 infected cells/well were seeded in a 96-well plate. Caspase-Glo 3/7 reagent (100 µl, G8091; Promega) was added to each well, the plate was shaken for 30 min constantly and incubation was carried out at ambient temperature for 2 h. The luminescence signal was detected with an M2009PR (Tecan Infinite) plate reader.
Nude mouse study
Animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care Committee of Tongji Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Wuhan, Hubei, China), and strictly followed the institutional regulations and state guidelines on experimental animals. BALB/c athymic female nude mice (4-week-old; ~20 g) were purchased from Shanghai Lingchang Biological Polytron Technologies Inc. They were maintained in a constant temperature, humidity, sterile environment and fed with food and water according to the national regulations. Subcutaneous xenografts of human GBM were established by injecting 5×106 ZWINT shRNA U87 MG cells or NC cells into the right hind limbs of the mice; 10 mice in each group. A digital caliper was used to measure tumor growth once every 3 days. Thirty-six days after cell inoculation, the animals were euthanized using an intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium before collecting the tumors. Tumor tissues were excised and weighted. The tumor volume was defined as V≈π/6 × L × W2, where L stands for the tumor length and W is the tumor width.
Statistical analysis
SPSS version 20.0 (IBM Corp.) was used for data analysis. Measurement data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Student's t-test was used to compare data between two groups. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used for the correlation analysis. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis
The downloaded gene expression profiles in the TCGA database included 2,387 upregulated genes and 3,873 downregulated genes. The GO functional analysis demonstrated that the upregulated genes were mainly involved in biological processes associated with mitotic nuclear division, cell division, sister chromatid cohesion, protein binding and cell proliferation, and the ZWINT gene was mainly enriched in cell division, mitotic sister chromatid segregation, kinetochore, and mitotic cell cycle checkpoint. The downregulated genes were mainly enriched in positive regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential, neurotransmitter transport, axon terminus, and ion channel binding. Moreover, five significant signaling pathways were overexpressed in the upregulated genes, including the cell cycle, cellular senescence, DNA replication, Ras and MAPK signaling pathways. Only one KEGG pathway was found for downregulated genes when P=0.05 (Table I).
PPI network
The PPI network of DEGs included 1,843 nodes and 5,116 edges, with each node representing a DEG and the edges indicating the interactions between DEGs. Twenty genes were selected as hub genes, which included tumor protein p53 (TP53), polo like kinase 1 (PLK1), nuclear division cycle 80 (NDC80) and Wnt family member 5A (WNT5A). Moreover, ZWINT interacted with kinetochore protein NDC80 homolog (NDC80), serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1 (PLK1), spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 1 (SKA1) and tripartite motif containing 17 (Terf/TRIM17) (Fig. 1A). The significant module included 9 nodes and 36 edges (Fig. 1B). GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that genes in this module, such as NDC80, SKA1 and NUF2 component of NDC80 kinetochore complex (NUF2), were mainly associated with cell division, mitotic cell cycle, chromosome segregation, and small GTPase-mediated signal transduction, and they interacted with ZWINT.
Correlation between the expression of ZWINT and other hub genes
Correlation analysis of the public dataset GSE15824 showed that ZWINT mRNA expression was significantly positively correlated with NDC80, PLK1, NUF2, SKA1, SPC24 component of NDC80 kinetochore complex (SPC24), SPC25 component of NDC80 kinetochore complex (SPC25), shugoshin 1 (SGOL1) and shugoshin 2 (SGOL2) expression, and the correlation coefficients were R=0.929, R=0.879, R=0.945, R=0.876, R=0.888, R=0.965, R=0.804, and R=0.939, respectively. According to the biological functions of ZWINT, which was enriched in GBM, these 8 hub genes may also be correlated with cell division and mitotic cell cycle (Fig. 2).
High expression of ZWINT in human GBM tissues and cell lines
Our data confirmed that ZWINT was among the upregulated genes, and the expression level of ZWINT mRNA in GBM tissues was significantly higher than that in normal brain tissues (548 GBM samples vs. 10 normal samples, Fig. 3A). In addition, IHC analysis of the TMA was performed to examine the protein level of ZWINT, and a significant increase was identified in GBM tissues compared with the level noted in the paired normal brain tissues (Fig. 3B). Scoring results showed that ZWINT was overexpressed in GBM tissues, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) (Fig. 3D). qPCR analysis revealed that ZWINT was upregulated in all four human GBM cell lines (Fig. 3C). Therefore, U251 and U87 MG cells were selected for ZWINT-knockdown experiments. Western blot analysis revealed that in the 293T cell line transfected with shRNA targeting ZWINT (shZWINT), the expression level of ZWINT protein was significantly reduced, indicating an effective lentivirus-delivered shRNA sequence (Fig. 4A). Over 80% of U251 and U87 MG cells showed green fluorescent protein expression under a fluorescence microscope after infection with the recombinant lentiviruses (Fig. 4B). As detected by qPCR, a significant reduction in the mRNA level was found in U251 and U87 MG cells infected with shZWINT compared with cells infected with shCtrl (Fig. 4C).
Knockdown of ZWINT inhibits GBM cell proliferation
The proliferation activity in U251 and U87 MG ZWINT-knockdown cells was explored by MTT assays. The results showed that the growth rate of shZWINT U251 and U87 MG cells was slower than that of the shCtrl group (P<0.01, Fig. 5A). Similarly, the growth curve counted by the Celigo Image Cytometer revealed that clonogenic survival in the shZWINT group was markedly decreased (Fig. 5B). Therefore, we speculated that ZWINT may act as an oncogene to promote GBM cell proliferation.
Knockdown of ZWINT suppresses GBM cell invasion
Transwell assays were performed to investigate the role of ZWINT in GBM cell invasion. As expected, the number of cells in the shZWINT group that passed through the membrane into the lower chamber was significantly lower than that in the shCtrl group. The results showed that there were fewer invading cells in the shZWINT group than that in the control group at 24 h after invasion, and the invasive ability was significantly inhibited (P<0.01, Fig. 6).
Knockdown of ZWINT increases GBM cell apoptosis
In FACS analysis with Annexin-V, significantly increased apoptosis was found in the ZWINT shRNA-infected U251 and U87 MG cells from 1.57 to 11.91% (P<0.01) (Fig. 7A). Similarly, as shown in caspase-3/7 activity analysis, the level of caspase-3/7 activity in the cells expressing shZWINT was significantly higher than that in cells expressing shCtrl (P<0.01) (Fig. 7B). Overall, ZWINT may have an important role in inhibiting cell apoptosis.
Knockdown of ZWINT inhibits tumor growth
To further demonstrate the role of ZWINT in vivo, we performed tumor xenograft assays. The average growth rate of the tumors in the shZWINT mouse group was significantly slower than that of the shCtrl group, and the shZWINT group had significantly decreased tumor volumes and weights compared to those of the shCtrl group (Fig. 8). The results indicated that ZWINT may act as a potent protumorigenic factor that can accelerate GBM growth.
Discussion
Currently, the molecules involved in cell cycle regulation have garnered wide attention due to their potential contribution to neoplastic transformation, and targeting cell cycle checkpoints may provide substantial improvement to malignancy therapy (27). However, there have been limited studies regarding these molecules in glioblastoma (GBM). In the present study, we first analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between GBM and normal brain tissues from a TCGA dataset, and then ZWINT was analyzed by high-content screening. There are few data regarding ZWINT expression in tumorigenesis, especially in regards to GBM progression. This finding prompted us to perform qPCR and IHC to verify ZWINT expression in GBM cell lines and tissues. Our data demonstrated that ZWINT was markedly overexpressed at both the mRNA and protein levels in GBM. We further determined that interfering with ZWINT could inhibit the proliferation and invasion and accelerate the apoptosis of human GBM cell lines in vitro, and it was significantly related to the tumor growth process in vivo. Consequently, targeting ZWINT may constitute a powerful strategy for the development of novel therapies for GBM.
Gene polymorphism is one of the biological bases of tumorigenesis, thus tumors can be considered genetic diseases. Kinetochore assembly is arguably the most critical step in determining accurate chromosome segregation, which is crucial for maintaining genomic integrity. Kinetochores are composed of a number of proteins (NDC80, MIS12, ZW10, Zwint-1, ZWILCH), which are responsible for stabilizing the kinetochore-microtubule (KMT) attachment and recruiting the components of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) (28–31). ZWINT interacts with ZW10 to ensure correct chromosome motility and mitotic spindle checkpoint operation (32). ZWINT encodes a protein that is located in prophase kinetochores before ZW10 does, even remaining detectable on the kinetochore until late anaphase, and is distributed in the cytoplasm of interphase cells. We speculated that only correcting erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachment in a timely manner and regulating spindle checkpoint function can maintain mitotic cell cycle integrity. ZWINT, as a part of the kinetochore, is required for cell proliferation and growth. Therefore, increased ZWINT causing chromosome instability can be associated with cancer progression.
In the era of ‘big’ data, a large number of tumor gene expression profiles have been widely used. This study made comprehensive use of various database resources and bioinformatic software to mine the DEGs during the occurrence and development of GBM to screen effective molecular targets. Functional and signaling pathway enrichment analyses were applied to identify several hub genes that interact with ZWINT to participate in the mitosis and regulation of the cell cycle of GBM cells. Tumorigenesis is a complex pathogenetic process that is driven by specific genetic and epigenetic alterations. In our present research, 6,710 DEGs were screened in total and consisted of 2,387 upregulated genes and 3,873 downregulated genes. The upregulated genes are mainly responsible for mitotic nuclear division, cell division, sister chromatid cohesion and cell proliferation, and the downregulated genes mostly participate in signal transduction, ion transport, and regulation of synaptic potential. Twenty hub genes had high degrees in the PPI network. We found that ZWINT was associated with NDC80 homolog (NDC80), serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1 (PLK1), spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 1 (SKA1), which interact with each other and are mainly involved in the mitotic cell cycle, cell division, signal transduction, and AMPK signaling pathway. Abnormal gene expression or dysfunction is closely related to neoplasia.
The mitotic regulator NDC80 is highly expressed in various human malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma, colon cancer and osteosarcoma (33–35). NDC80 is also called Hec1, and its complexes together with NUF2 component of NDC80 kinetochore complex (NUF2), SPC24 component of NDC80 kinetochore complex (SPC24) and SPC25 component of NDC80 kinetochore complex (SPC25) participate in the spindle assembly checkpoint and regulation of mitosis and chromosome segregation (36–39). Lin et al showed that Hec1 sequentially recruits Zwint-1 and ZW10 to kinetochores during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and interruption of the centromeric recruitment led to chromosomal missegregation, incomplete activation of spindle examination points, and ultimately cell death (31). The above findings offer a theoretical basis for how NDC80 and ZWINT promote faithful chromosome segregation and control the spindle checkpoint.
Tripartite motif containing 17 (Terf/TRIM17) is a tripartite motif (TRIM) protein, and its coiled-coil domain is required for interaction with ZWINT. Therefore, its role in oncogenic events may be by regulating the turnover of the ZWINT protein. Endo et al found that Terf/TRIM17 exhibits E3 ubiquitin ligase activity by stimulating the degradation of the kinetochore protein ZWINT and negatively regulating cell proliferation via the proteasomal pathway in mammalian cells (5). We can use these interactions to inhibit the growth of tumor cells, and the specific molecular mechanism will be elucidated by future studies.
PLK1 and SKA1 are two newly discovered genes associated with mitosis and tumorigenesis. PLK1 encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase, which is a critical regulator of cell cycle progression, cytokinesis, mitosis and the DNA damage response (40). The deletion of the PLK1 protein dramatically inhibited cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis (41). The SKA1 complex is a microtubule-binding subcomplex of the outer kinetochore and is essential for proper chromosome segregation (42). Previous data have shown that knockdown of SKA1 inhibits cell proliferation and migration and blocks the cell cycle; moreover, inhibition of SKA1 by small-molecule inhibitors could restrain the activity of the AKT and ERK signaling pathways (43,44). These studies have shown that ZWINT, NDC80, PLK1, SKA1 and Terf/TRIM17 participate in the pathogenesis of malignant neoplasms by affecting mitosis and cell cycle progression, which supports our findings.
The present research has some limitations. First, it is not sufficient to predict target genes only based on bioinformatics, and further mechanistic studies of the way ZWINT affects tumor cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis are necessary to better understand the roles of the underlying molecule. Second, only two GBM cell lines were used in our study, and the function of ZWINT should be demonstrated in more cell lines. Finally, additional clinical information is needed to identify its prognostic value in GBM.
In summary, our preliminary research demonstrated that ZWINT may be a promising biomarker as it promotes GBM cell proliferation and invasion and inhibits apoptosis. Knockdown of ZWINT inhibited tumorigenesis in a xenograft model. Data mining and integration may be an efficient tool with which to predict the progression of GBM. The DEGs identified by comprehensive bioinformatic analyses may represent a valuable resource that may predict the progression of GBM.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
This study was supported by a grant from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (no. 81772680).
Availability of data and materials
All datasets generated during our present study are available through data mining from public gene databases.
Authors' contributions
All the authors have made substantial contributions to this manuscript, LY, NH, and MZ were involved in the conception and design of the study. MZ guided the cell biology and animal experiments and was responsible for the whole project; XZ and YZ performed the bioinformatic data collection, integration analysis and figure processing. LY conducted the cell biology experiments; RC contributed to the animal experiments and project management; LY and NH drafted and edited the manuscript; and MZ critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content, as well as the collection of data. All authors confirmed and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The animal experiments in the present study were approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology and in accordance to the institutional and university guidelines on the care and use of experimental animals.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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