Inflammatory mediator profile of hospitalised patients with COVID‑19 during the second wave of the pandemic: A comparative study

Ganai,Waseem Ud Din; Farooq,Syed Suraiya; Nabi,Mudasar; Tantry,Bilal Ahmad; Bandy,Altaf; Khursheed,Syed Quibtiya; Dar,Naeem Firdous; Rasool,Shayaq Ul Abeer; Alotaibi,Bader S.; Shah,Naveed Nazir

doi:10.3892/wasj.2024.261

Inflammatory mediator profile of hospitalised patients with COVID‑19 during the second wave of the pandemic: A comparative study

Authors:
- Waseem Ud Din Ganai
- Syed Suraiya Farooq
- Mudasar Nabi
- Bilal Ahmad Tantry
- Altaf Bandy
- Syed Quibtiya Khursheed
- Naeem Firdous Dar
- Shayaq Ul Abeer Rasool
- Bader S. Alotaibi
- Naveed Nazir Shah
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Affiliations: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Chest Disease Hospital, Government Medical College, Srinagar 190001, India, Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar 190010, India, Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Srinagar 190010, India, Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra 15273, Saudi Arabia, Department of Surgery, SKIMS Medical College, Srinagar 190018, India, Advanced Center for Human Genetics Sher I Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar 190011, India, Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, al-Quwayʿiyah 19257, Saudi Arabia
Published online on: June 28, 2024 https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.261
Article Number: 46
Copyright : © Ganai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].

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Abstract

Cough, fever and tiredness are upper respiratory symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19). The emergence of the Delta variant, a significantly mutated and highly transmissible form of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, initiated a fresh global wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The timely and accurate clinical outcome prediction is vital for improving the management of patients with COVID‑19 and identifying those who may be severely ill. In this retrospective observational study, a comparison of signs and symptoms and laboratory values was conducted between survivors and non-survivors of the second wave of COVID-19. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2‑positive cases between June, 2021 and January, 2022 were confirmed using reverse transcriptase‑polymerase chain reaction. Medical records were reviewed and collected until patient discharge/mortality. The levels of inflammatory biomarkers, symptoms and comorbidities of the patients were assessed. Analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0. Of the 200 patients with COVID‑19, 112 were male and 88 were female. Non-survivors outnumbered survivors, with the most common symptoms being sputum production, coughing, and hemoptysis (P≤0.01). Chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the most common co‑occurring conditions among the non‑survivors. On the day of admission, interleukin (IL)‑6 OR=1.003 (1.000‑1.007), C‑reactive protein OR=1.038 (1.016‑1.059) and lactate dehydrogenase OR=1.004 (1.001‑1.006) levels were measured; however, the most significant predictor of morality were the D‑dimer levels OR=1.016 (1.002‑1.059). Serum ferritin and D‑dimer levels were considerably higher in non‑survivors than in survivors, while IL‑6, C‑reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase levels were significantly higher in survivors at the time of admission. On day 3 of admission, serum ferritin, D‑dimer, and IL‑6 levels were higher in non‑survivors than in the survivors of COVID‑19. The following factors continued to be significant predictors of mortality among COVID‑19 patients with binary logistic regression: Age, sputum, haemoptysis, cough and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Logistic regression analysis revealed that chronic kidney disease was not statistically significant. Understanding the variations in inflammatory profiles is crucial for devising personalized treatment strategies and improving clinical outcomes in the ongoing battle against COVID‑19.

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