Protective effects of astaxanthin on particulate matter 2.5‑induced senescence in HaCaT keratinocytes via maintenance of redox homeostasis

Zhen,Ao Xuan; Kang,Kyoung Ah; Piao,Mei Jing; Madushan Fernando,Pincha Devage Sameera; Lakmini Herath,Herath Mudiyanselage Udari; Hyun,Jin Won

doi:10.3892/etm.2024.12563

Protective effects of astaxanthin on particulate matter 2.5‑induced senescence in HaCaT keratinocytes via maintenance of redox homeostasis

Authors:
- Ao Xuan Zhen
- Kyoung Ah Kang
- Mei Jing Piao
- Pincha Devage Sameera Madushan Fernando
- Herath Mudiyanselage Udari Lakmini Herath
- Jin Won Hyun
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Affiliations: Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
Published online on: May 8, 2024 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12563
Article Number: 275
Copyright: © Zhen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Particulate matter 2.5 (PM_2.5) imposes a heavy burden on the skin and respiratory system of human beings, causing side effects such as aging, inflammation and cancer. Astaxanthin (ATX) is a well‑known antioxidant widely used for its anti‑inflammatory and anti‑aging properties. However, few studies have investigated the protective effects of ATX against PM_2.5‑induced senescence in HaCaT cells. In the present study, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzymes were measured after treatment with PM_2.5. The results revealed that PM2.5 generated excessive ROS and reduced the translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (NRF2), subsequently reducing the expression of antioxidant enzymes. However, pretreatment with ATX reversed the ROS levels as well as the expression of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, ATX protected cells from PM_2.5‑induced DNA damage and rescued PM_2.5‑induced cell cycle arrest. The levels of senescence‑associated phenotype markers, such as interleukin‑1β, matrix metalloproteinases, and β‑galactosidase, were increased by exposure to PM_2.5, however these effects were reversed by ATX. After interfering with NRF2 mRNA expression and exposing cells to PM_2.5, the levels of ROS and β‑galactosidase were higher compared with siControl RNA cells exposed to PM_2.5. However, ATX inhibited ROS and β‑galactosidase levels in both the siControl RNA and the siNRF2 RNA groups. Thus, ATX protects HaCaT keratinocytes from PM_2.5‑induced senescence by partially inhibiting excessive ROS generation via the NRF2 signaling pathway.

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