Open Access

Protective effect of ginseng extract and total ginsenosides on hematopoietic stem cell damage by inhibiting cell apoptosis and regulating the intestinal microflora

  • Authors:
    • Zuguo Liang
    • Xiang Gao
    • Chenxu Jing
    • Tongyi Yuan
    • Lancao Zhang
    • Yifei Yin
    • Jianze Ou
    • Xiangyan Li
    • Wenxiu Qi
    • Daqing Zhao
    • Hang Su
    • He Zhang
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: November 6, 2024     https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2024.5455
  • Article Number: 14
  • Copyright: © Liang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY_NC 4.0].

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

Ginseng may improve the myelosuppression and intestinal microbiota disorder induced by cyclophosphamide (CY); however, the effect of ginseng components on hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) damage remains largely unexplored. The present study aimed to assess the protective effect of ginseng extract (GE), total ginsenosides (TG) and total polysaccharides (TP) from ginseng on the intestinal microflora and HSCs of model mice. In the present study, a mouse model of HSC damage induced by CY was constructed, intestinal microflora of fecal samples were sequenced using the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing techniques, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of HSCs were analyzed using high‑throughput RNA‑sequencing, cell apoptosis and erythroid differentiation were detected using flow cytometry and the blood cell parameters were analyzed using a hematology analyzer. Analysis of the 16S rRNA in fecal samples showed that GE, TG and TP improved an imbalanced intestinal microflora, where the relative abundance of Lactobacillus intestinalis had a positive correlation with ginsenosides content. Specifically, TP significantly increased the expression of low‑abundance microflora. Transcriptomic analysis results revealed 2,250, 3,432 and 261 DEGs in the GE, TG and TP groups compared with those in the Model group, respectively. In the expression analysis of DEGs, both TG and GE were found to markedly increase the expression levels of Klf4, Hhex, Pbx1, Kmt2a, Mecom, Zc3h12a, Zbtb16, Lilr4b, Flt3 and Klf13. Furthermore, TG inhibited the apoptosis of HSCs by increasing the expression levels of Bcl2 and Mcl1, whilst decreasing the expression of Bax. By contrast, GE inhibited the apoptosis of HSCs by reducing the expression of Bax and Bad. Regarding erythroid differentiation and blood cell parameters, GE was found to significantly increase the expression of TER‑119. In addition, GE and TG improved all blood cell parameters, including the count of white blood cells, neutrophils (NEUT), lymphocytes (LYMPH), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB) and reticulocyte and platelets (PLT), whereas TP could only improve the counts of LYMPH, RBC, HGB and PLT. The improvement effect of GE and TG on WBC, NEUT and Ret was superior to TP. In conclusion, TG may protect the hematopoiesis function of HSCs in a CY‑induced mouse model of HSC damage, followed by GE. However, TP did not appear to improve HSC damage. Ginsenosides may therefore be considered essential ingredients in GE when protecting HSCs against damage. GE and TG exerted their protective effects on HSCs by inhibiting the apoptosis of HSCs whilst improving the imbalance of intestinal microflora.
View Figures
View References

Related Articles

Journal Cover

January-2025
Volume 55 Issue 1

Print ISSN: 1107-3756
Online ISSN:1791-244X

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Liang Z, Gao X, Jing C, Yuan T, Zhang L, Yin Y, Ou J, Li X, Qi W, Zhao D, Zhao D, et al: Protective effect of ginseng extract and total ginsenosides on hematopoietic stem cell damage by inhibiting cell apoptosis and regulating the intestinal microflora. Int J Mol Med 55: 14, 2025.
APA
Liang, Z., Gao, X., Jing, C., Yuan, T., Zhang, L., Yin, Y. ... Zhang, H. (2025). Protective effect of ginseng extract and total ginsenosides on hematopoietic stem cell damage by inhibiting cell apoptosis and regulating the intestinal microflora. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 55, 14. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2024.5455
MLA
Liang, Z., Gao, X., Jing, C., Yuan, T., Zhang, L., Yin, Y., Ou, J., Li, X., Qi, W., Zhao, D., Su, H., Zhang, H."Protective effect of ginseng extract and total ginsenosides on hematopoietic stem cell damage by inhibiting cell apoptosis and regulating the intestinal microflora". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 55.1 (2025): 14.
Chicago
Liang, Z., Gao, X., Jing, C., Yuan, T., Zhang, L., Yin, Y., Ou, J., Li, X., Qi, W., Zhao, D., Su, H., Zhang, H."Protective effect of ginseng extract and total ginsenosides on hematopoietic stem cell damage by inhibiting cell apoptosis and regulating the intestinal microflora". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 55, no. 1 (2025): 14. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2024.5455