Immunomodulatory effects in workers exposed to naturally occurring asbestos fibers

Ledda,Caterina; Costa,Chiara; Matera,Serena; Puglisi,Beatrice; Costanzo,Valentina; Bracci,Massimo; Fenga,Concettina; Rapisarda,Venerando; Loreto,Carla

doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.6384

Immunomodulatory effects in workers exposed to naturally occurring asbestos fibers

Authors:
- Caterina Ledda
- Chiara Costa
- Serena Matera
- Beatrice Puglisi
- Valentina Costanzo
- Massimo Bracci
- Concettina Fenga
- Venerando Rapisarda
- Carla Loreto
View Affiliations

Affiliations: Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Biomedical, Odontoiatric, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy, Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Published online on: March 24, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6384
Pages: 3372-3378

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

Abstract

Natural asbestiform fibers are defined ‘naturally occurring asbestos’ (NOA) and refer to the mineral as a natural component of soils or rocks. The release of NOA fibers into the air from rocks or soils by routine human activities or natural weathering processes represents a risk for human beings. Fluoro-edenite (FE) is a NOA fiber detected in the benmoreitic lava in the area of Biancavilla, South-west slope of Mt. Etna. The aim of the present study was to investigate FE immunotoxicity pathways in a group of 38 occupationally exposed construction workers, in order to find any biological markers of its effect. Subjects underwent respiratory function tests and HRCT total chest scanning. Serum IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α were measured. The presence of PPs was significantly greater in subjects exposed than in the control (25 vs. 2). In subjects exposed to FE, IL-1β and TNF-α values were significantly higher than the controls. The previously observed increase of IL-1β and IL-18 showed a probable involvement of the proteic complex defined inflammosome by FE fibers.

View Figures

View References

1	Alberg AJ and Samet JM: Epidemiology of lung cancer. Chest. 123:(Suppl). 21S–49S. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
2	LaDou J: The asbestos cancer epidemic. Environ Health Perspect. 112:285–290. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
3	Fujimoto N, Gemba K, Aoe K, Kato K, Yokoyama T, Usami I, Onishi K, Mizuhashi K, Yusa T and Kishimoto T: Clinical investigation of benign asbestos pleural effusion. Pulm Med. 2015:4161792015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
4	Prazakova S, Thomas PS, Sandrini A and Yates DH: Asbestos and the lung in the 21st century: An update. Clin Respir J. 8:1–10. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
5	Hillerdal G: Non-malignant asbestos pleural disease. Thorax. 36:669–675. 1981. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
6	Guidotti TL, Miller A, Christiani D, Wagner G, Balmes J, Harber P, Brodkin CA, Rom W, Hillerdal G, Harbut M, et al: American Thoracic Society: Diagnosis and initial management of nonmalignant diseases related to asbestos. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 170:691–715. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
7	Cugell DW and Kamp DW: Asbestos and the pleura: A review. Chest. 125:1103–1117. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
8	Gevenois PA, de Maertelaer V, Madani A, Winant C, Sergent G and De Vuyst P: Asbestosis, pleural plaques and diffuse pleural thickening: Three distinct benign responses to asbestos exposure. Eur Respir J. 11:1021–1027. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
9	Bayram M, Dongel I, Bakan ND, Yalçin H, Cevit R, Dumortier P and Nemery B: High risk of malignant mesothelioma and pleural plaques in subjects born close to ophiolites. Chest. 143:164–171. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
10	Kanarek MS: Mesothelioma from chrysotile asbestos: Update. Ann Epidemiol. 21:688–697. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
11	Hansen J, de Klerk NH, Eccles JL, Musk AW and Hobbs MS: Malignant mesothelioma after environmental exposure to blue asbestos. Int J Cancer. 54:578–581. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
12	Constantopoulos SH: Environmental mesothelioma associated with tremolite asbestos: Lessons from the experiences of Turkey, Greece, Corsica, New Caledonia and Cyprus. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 52:(Suppl 1). S110–S115. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
13	Voisin C, Marin I, Brochard P and Pairon JC: Environmental airborne tremolite asbestos pollution and pleural plaques in Afghanistan. Chest. 106:974–976. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
14	Schüz J, Schonfeld SJ, Kromhout H, Straif K, Kashanskiy SV, Kovalevskiy EV, Bukhtiyarov IV and McCormack V: A retrospective cohort study of cancer mortality in employees of a Russian chrysotile asbestos mine and mills: Study rationale and key features. Cancer Epidemiol. 37:440–445. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
15	Sullivan PA: Vermiculite, respiratory disease, and asbestos exposure in Libby, Montana: Update of a cohort mortality study. Environ Health Perspect. 115:579–585. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
16	Szychlinska MA, Parenti R, Loreto C, Salvatorelli L, Spadola S, Trovato FM, Pirri C, Rapisarda V, Pace MM, Magro G, et al: Fluoro edenite-associated pathogenesis in pleural malignant mesothelioma. Acta Med Mediter. 30:981–989. 2014.
17	Paoletti L, Batisti D, Bruno C, Di Paola M, Gianfagna A, Mastrantonio M, Nesti M and Comba P: Unusually high incidence of malignant pleural mesothelioma in a town of eastern Sicily: An epidemiological and environmental study. Arch Environ Health. 55:392–398. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
18	Di Paola M, Mastrantonio M and Carboni M: Mortality from malignant pleural neoplasms in Italy in the years 1988–1992ISTISAN. 96. Rome: pp. 1–30. 1996
19	Comba P, Gianfagna A and Paoletti L: Pleural mesothelioma cases in Biancavilla are related to a new fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole. Arch Environ Health. 58:229–232. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
20	Miozzi E, Rapisarda V, Marconi A, Costa C, Polito I, Spandidos DA, Libra M and Fenga C: Fluoro-edenite and carbon nanotubes: The health impact of ‘asbestos-like’ fibres. Exp Ther Med. 11:21–27. 2016.PubMed/NCBI
21	Ballan G, Del Brocco A, Loizzo S, Fabbri A, Maroccia Z, Fiorentini C and Travaglione S: Mode of action of fibrous amphiboles: The case of Biancavilla (Sicily, Italy). Ann Ist Super Sanita. 50:133–138. 2014.PubMed/NCBI
22	DeNardo P, Bruni B, Paoletti L, Pasetto R and Sirianni B: Pulmonary fibre burden in sheep living in the Biancavilla area (Sicily): Preliminary results. Sci Total Environ. 325:51–58. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
23	Loreto C, Rapisarda V, Carnazza ML, Musumeci G, Valentino M, Fenga C and Martinez G: Fluoro-edenite fibres induce lung cell apoptosis: An in vivo study. Histol Histopathol. 23:319–326. 2008.PubMed/NCBI
24	Martinez G, Loreto C, Rapisarda V, Masumeci G, Valentino M and Carnazza ML: Effects of exposure to fluoro-edenite fibre pollution on the respiratory system: An in vivo model. Histol Histopathol. 21:595–601. 2006.PubMed/NCBI
25	Soffritti M, Minardi F, Bua L, Esposti Degli D and Belpoggi F: First experimental evidence of peritoneal and pleural mesotheliomas induced by fluoro-edenite fibres present in etnean volcanic material from Biancavilla (Sicily, Italy). Eur J Oncol. 9:169–175. 2004.
26	Grosse Y, Loomis D, Guyton KZ, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Scoccianti C, Mattock H, et al: International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group: Carcinogenicity of fluoro-edenite, silicon carbide fibres and whiskers, and carbon nanotubes. Lancet Oncol. 15:1427–1428. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
27	Bernstein D, Dunnigan J, Hesterberg T, Brown R, Velasco JAL, Barrera R, Hoskins J and Gibbs A: Health risk of chrysotile revisited. Crit Rev Toxicol. 43:154–183. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
28	Robinson BWS and Lake RA: Advances in malignant mesothelioma. N Engl J Med. 353:1591–1603. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
29	World Health Organization (WHO): Asbestos: elimination of asbestos-related diseases. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs343/en/Accessed. January 21–2017.
30	Ledda C and Rapisarda V: Malignant pleural mesothelioma: The need to move from research to clinical practice. Arch Med Res. 47:4072016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
31	Ledda C, Loreto C, Matera S, Massimino N, Cannizzaro E, Musumeci A, Migliore M, Fenga C, Pomara C and Rapisarda V: Early effects of fluoro-edenite: Correlation between IL-18 serum levels and pleural and parenchymal abnormalities. Future Oncol. 12:59–62. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
32	Ledda C, Loreto C, Bracci M, Mangano D, Migliore M, Ricceri V, Musumeci A, Costa C, Pomara C and Rapisarda V: High risk of pleural plaques and parenchymal abnormalities in women living in Biancavilla (Italy). Future Oncol. 12:63–65. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
33	Ledda C, Pomara C, Bracci M, Mangano D, Ricceri V, Musumeci A, Ferrante M, Musumeci G, Loreto C, Fenga C, et al: Natural carcinogenic fiber and pleural plaques assessment in a general population: A cross-sectional study. Environ Res. 150:23–29. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
34	Ledda C, Loreto C, Pomara C, Rapisarda G, Fiore M, Ferrante M, Bracci M, Santarelli L, Fenga C and Rapisarda V: Sheep lymph-nodes as a biological indicator of environmental exposure to fluoro-edenite. Environ Res. 147:97–101. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
35	Rapisarda V, Ledda C, Migliore M, Salemi R, Musumeci A, Bracci M, Marconi A, Loreto C and Libra M: FBLN-3 as a biomarker of pleural plaques in workers occupationally exposed to carcinogenic fibers: A pilot study. Future Oncol. 11:(Suppl). 35–37. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
36	Fazzo L, Minelli G, De Santis M, Bruno C, Zona A, Marinaccio A, Conti S, Pirastu R and Comba P: Mesothelioma mortality surveillance and asbestos exposure tracking in Italy. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 48:300–310. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
37	Loreto C, Carnazza ML, Cardile V, Libra M, Lombardo L, Malaponte G, Martinez G, Musumeci G, Papa V and Cocco L: Mineral fiber-mediated activation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase c in human bronchoalveolar carcinoma-derived alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Int J Oncol. 34:371–376. 2009.PubMed/NCBI
38	Musumeci G, Loreto C, Cardile V, Carnazza ML and Martinez G: Immunohistochemical expression of retinoblastoma and phospho-retinoblastoma protein in sheep lung exposed to fluoro-edenite fibers. Anat Sci Int. 85:74–78. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
39	Biggeri A, Pasetto R, Belli S, Bruno C, Di Maria G, Mastrantonio M, Trinca S, Uccelli R and Comba P: Mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pleural mesothelioma in an area contaminated by natural fiber (fluoro-edenite). Scand J Work Environ Health. 30:249–252. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
40	Sayan M and Mossman BT: The NLRP3 inflammasome in pathogenic particle and fibre-associated lung inflammation and diseases. Part Fibre Toxicol. 13:512016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
41	Churg A, Sun J and Zay K: Cigarette smoke increases amosite asbestos fiber binding to the surface of tracheal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol. 275:L502–508. 1998.PubMed/NCBI
42	Kamp DW and Weitzman SA: The molecular basis of asbestos induced lung injury. Thorax. 54:638–652. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
43	Irani K, Xia Y, Zweier JL, Sollott SJ, Der CJ, Fearon ER, Sundaresan M, Finkel T and Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ: Mitogenic signaling mediated by oxidants in Ras-transformed fibroblasts. Science. 275:1649–1652. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
44	Manna SK, Zhang HJ, Yan T, Oberley LW and Aggarwal BB: Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase suppresses tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis and activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB and activated protein-1. J Biol Chem. 273:13245–13254. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
45	Byrnes RW: Evidence for involvement of multiple iron species in DNA single-strand scission by H2O2 in HL-60 cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 20:399–406. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
46	Simeonova PP and Luster MI: Iron and reactive oxygen species in the asbestos-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha response from alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 12:676–683. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
47	Simeonova PP, Toriumi W, Kommineni C, Erkan M, Munson AE, Rom WN and Luster MI: Molecular regulation of IL-6 activation by asbestos in lung epithelial cells: Role of reactive oxygen species. J Immunol. 159:3921–3928. 1997.PubMed/NCBI
48	Travaglione S, Bruni BM, Falzano L, Filippini P, Fabbri A, Paoletti L and Fiorentini C: Multinucleation and pro-inflammatory cytokine release promoted by fibrous fluoro-edenite in lung epithelial A549 cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 20:841–850. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
49	Travaglione S, Bruni B, Falzano L, Paoletti L and Fiorentini C: Effects of the new-identified amphibole fluoro-edenite in lung epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 17:547–552. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
50	Adachi Y, Aoki C, Yoshio-Hoshino N, Takayama K, Curiel DT and Nishimoto N: Interleukin-6 induces both cell growth and VEGF production in malignant mesotheliomas. Int J Cancer. 119:1303–1311. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
51	Galffy G, Mohammed KA, Nasreen N, Ward MJ and Antony VB: Inhibition of interleukin-8 reduces human malignant pleural mesothelioma propagation in nude mouse model. Oncol Res. 11:187–194. 1999.PubMed/NCBI
52	Galffy G, Mohammed KA, Dowling PA, Nasreen N, Ward MJ and Antony VB: Interleukin 8: An autocrine growth factor for malignant mesothelioma. Cancer Res. 59:367–371. 1999.PubMed/NCBI
53	Luo JL, Maeda S, Hsu LC, Yagita H and Karin M: Inhibition of NF-kappaB in cancer cells converts inflammation-induced tumor growth mediated by TNFalpha to TRAIL-mediated tumor regression. Cancer Cell. 6:297–305. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
54	Clin B, Paris C, Ameille J, Brochard P, Conso F, Gislard A, Laurent F, Letourneux M, Luc A, Schorle E, et al: Do asbestos-related pleural plaques on HRCT scans cause restrictive impairment in the absence of pulmonary fibrosis? Thorax. 66:985–991. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
55	Laurent F, Paris C, Ferretti GR, Beigelman C, Montaudon M, Latrabe V, Jankowski A, Badachi Y, Clin B, Gislard A, et al: Inter-reader agreement in HRCT detection of pleural plaques and asbestosis in participants with previous occupational exposure to asbestos. Occup Environ Med. 71:865–870. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
56	Rapisarda V, Ledda C, Ricceri V, Arena F, Musumeci A, Marconi A, Fago L, Bracci M, Santarelli L and Ferrante M: Detection of pleural plaques in workers exposed to inhalation of natural fluoro-edenite fibres. Oncol Lett. 9:2046–2052. 2015.PubMed/NCBI
57	Maxim LD, Niebo R and Utell MJ: Are pleural plaques an appropriate endpoint for risk analyses? Inhal Toxicol. 27:321–334. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
58	Wang Y, Faux SP, Hallden G, Kirn DH, Houghton CE, Lemoine NR and Patrick G: Interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α promote the transformation of human immortalised mesothelial cells by erionite. Int J Oncol. 25:173–178. 2004.PubMed/NCBI
59	Zanella CL, Posada J, Tritton TR and Mossman BT: Asbestos causes stimulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade after phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Cancer Res. 56:5334–5338. 1996.PubMed/NCBI
60	Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sozzani S, Vecchi A, Locati M and Sica A: Chemokines in the recruitment and shaping of the leukocyte infiltrate of tumors. Semin Cancer Biol. 14:155–160. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
61	Eisenbarth SC and Flavell RA: Innate instruction of adaptive immunity revisited: The inflammasome. EMBO Mol Med. 1:92–98. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
62	Dostert C, Pétrilli V, Van Bruggen R, Steele C, Mossman BT and Tschopp J: Innate immune activation through Nalp3 inflammasome sensing of asbestos and silica. Science. 320:674–677. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
63	Hillegass JM, Miller JM, MacPherson MB, Westbom CM, Sayan M, Thompson JK, Macura SL, Perkins TN, Beuschel SL, Alexeeva V, et al: Asbestos and erionite prime and activate the NLRP3 inflammasome that stimulates autocrine cytokine release in human mesothelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol. 10:392013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
64	Fox SA, Loh SS, Mahendran SK and Garlepp MJ: Regulated chemokine gene expression in mouse mesothelioma and mesothelial cells: TNF-α upregulates both CC and CXC chemokine genes. Oncol Rep. 28:707–713. 2012.PubMed/NCBI
65	Martinon F, Burns K and Tschopp J: The inflammasome: A molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-β. Mol Cell. 10:417–426. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
66	Dinarello CA: Immunological and inflammatory functions of the interleukin-1 family. Annu Rev Immunol. 27:519–550. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
67	Fink SL and Cookson BT: Apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necrosis: Mechanistic description of dead and dying eukaryotic cells. Infect Immun. 73:1907–1916. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
68	Agostini L, Martinon F, Burns K, McDermott MF, Hawkins PN and Tschopp J: NALP3 forms an IL-1β-processing inflammasome with increased activity in Muckle-Wells autoinflammatory disorder. Immunity. 20:319–325. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
69	Dinarello CA: Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Blood. 117:3720–3732. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
70	Sims JE and Smith DE: The IL-1 family: Regulators of immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 10:89–102. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
71	Colotta F, Re F, Muzio M, Bertini R, Polentarutti N, Sironi M, Giri JG, Dower SK, Sims JE and Mantovani A: Interleukin-1 type II receptor: A decoy target for IL-1 that is regulated by IL-4. Science. 261:472–475. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
72	Kim SH, Eisenstein M, Reznikov L, Fantuzzi G, Novick D, Rubinstein M and Dinarello CA: Structural requirements of six naturally occurring isoforms of the IL-18 binding protein to inhibit IL-18. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97:1190–1195. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
73	Tschopp J, Martinon F and Burns K: NALPs: A novel protein family involved in inflammation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 4:95–104. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
74	Bank U and Ansorge S: More than destructive: Neutrophil-derived serine proteases in cytokine bioactivity control. J Leukoc Biol. 69:197–206. 2001.PubMed/NCBI
75	Martinon F, Agostini L, Meylan E and Tschopp J: Identification of bacterial muramyl dipeptide as activator of the NALP3/cryopyrin inflammasome. Curr Biol. 14:1929–1934. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
76	Kanneganti TD, Ozören N, Body-Malapel M, Amer A, Park JH, Franchi L, Whitfield J, Barchet W, Colonna M, Vandenabeele P, et al: Bacterial RNA and small antiviral compounds activate caspase-1 through cryopyrin/Nalp3. Nature. 440:233–236. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
77	Mariathasan S, Weiss DS, Newton K, McBride J, O'Rourke K, Roose-Girma M, Lee WP, Weinrauch Y, Monack DM and Dixit VM: Cryopyrin activates the inflammasome in response to toxins and ATP. Nature. 440:228–232. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
78	Eisenbarth SC, Colegio OR, O'Connor W Jr, Sutterwala FS and Flavell RA: Crucial role for the Nalp3 inflammasome in the immunostimulatory properties of aluminium adjuvants. Nature. 453:1122–1126. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
79	Krakowski M and Owens T: Interferon-γ confers resistance to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol. 26:1641–1646. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
80	Vermeire K, Heremans H, Vandeputte M, Huang S, Billiau A and Matthys P: Accelerated collagen-induced arthritis in IFN-γ receptor-deficient mice. J Immunol. 158:5507–5513. 1997.PubMed/NCBI
81	Chang JT, Segal BM, Nakanishi K, Okamura H and Shevach EM: The costimulatory effect of IL-18 on the induction of antigen-specific IFN-γ production by resting T cells is IL-12 dependent and is mediated by up-regulation of the IL-12 receptor β2 subunit. Eur J Immunol. 30:1113–1119. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
82	Cua DJ, Sherlock J, Chen Y, Murphy CA, Joyce B, Seymour B, Lucian L, To W, Kwan S, Churakova T, et al: Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain. Nature. 421:744–748. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
83	Mills KHG, Dungan LS, Jones SA and Harris J: The role of inflammasome-derived IL-1 in driving IL-17 responses. J Leukoc Biol. 93:489–497. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
84	Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, Korn T, Strom TB, Oukka M, Weiner HL and Kuchroo VK: Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature. 441:235–238. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
85	Mangan PR, Harrington LE, O'Quinn DB, Helms WS, Bullard DC, Elson CO, Hatton RD, Wahl SM, Schoeb TR and Weaver CT: Transforming growth factor-β induces development of the T(H)17 lineage. Nature. 441:231–234. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
86	Veldhoen M, Hocking RJ, Atkins CJ, Locksley RM and Stockinger B: TGFbeta in the context of an inflammatory cytokine milieu supports de novo differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells. Immunity. 24:179–189. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
87	Zielinski CE, Mele F, Aschenbrenner D, Jarrossay D, Ronchi F, Gattorno M, Monticelli S, Lanzavecchia A and Sallusto F: Pathogen-induced human TH17 cells produce IFN-γ or IL-10 and are regulated by IL-1β. Nature. 484:514–518. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
88	Comar M, Zanotta N, Bonotti A, Tognon M, Negro C, Cristaudo A and Bovenzi M: Increased levels of C-C chemokine RANTES in asbestos exposed workers and in malignant mesothelioma patients from an hyperendemic area. PLoS One. 9:e1048482014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
89	Davis GS, Pfeiffer LM and Hemenway DR: Persistent overexpression of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in murine silicosis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 17:99–114. 1998.PubMed/NCBI
90	Pan LH, Ohtani H, Yamauchi K and Nagura H: Co-expression of TNFα and IL-1β in human acute pulmonary fibrotic diseases: An immunohistochemical analysis. Pathol Int. 46:91–99. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
91	Beamer CA and Holian A: Scavenger receptor class A type I/II (CD204) null mice fail to develop fibrosis following silica exposure. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 289:L186–L195. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
92	Holley JA, Janssen YMW, Mossman BT and Taatjes DJ: Increased manganese superoxide dismutase protein in type II epithelial cells of rat lungs after inhalation of crocidolite asbestos or cristobalite silica. Am J Pathol. 141:475–485. 1992.PubMed/NCBI
93	Porter DW, Hubbs AF, Chen BT, McKinney W, Mercer RR, Wolfarth MG, Battelli L, Wu N, Sriram K, Leonard S, et al: Acute pulmonary dose-responses to inhaled multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Nanotoxicology. 7:1179–1194. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
94	Liu RM: Oxidative stress, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and lung fibrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal. 10:303–319. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
95	Carbone M and Yang H: Molecular pathways: Targeting mechanisms of asbestos and erionite carcinogenesis in mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res. 18:598–604. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
96	Donaldson K, Poland CA, Murphy FA, MacFarlane M, Chernova T and Schinwald A: Pulmonary toxicity of carbon nanotubes and asbestos - similarities and differences. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 65:2078–2086. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
97	Goldberg JL, Zanella CL, Janssen YMW, Timblin CR, Jimenez LA, Vacek P, Taatjes DJ and Mossman BT: Novel cell imaging techniques show induction of apoptosis and proliferation in mesothelial cells by asbestos. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 17:265–271. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
98	Sekido Y: Molecular pathogenesis of malignant mesothelioma. Carcinogenesis. 34:1413–1419. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
99	Kitasato Y, Hoshino T, Okamoto M, Kato S, Koda Y, Nagata N, Kinoshita M, Koga H, Yoon DY, Asao H, et al: Enhanced expression of interleukin-18 and its receptor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 31:619–625. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
100	Lindroos PM, Coin PG, Osornio-Vargas AR and Bonner JC: Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) and the IL-1 beta-alpha 2-macroglobulin complex upregulate the platelet-derived growth factor alpha-receptor on rat pulmonary fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 13:455–465. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
101	Sabo-Attwood T, Ramos-Nino M, Bond J, Butnor KJ, Heintz N, Gruber AD, Steele C, Taatjes DJ, Vacek P and Mossman BT: Gene expression profiles reveal increased mClca3 (Gob5) expression and mucin production in a murine model of asbestos-induced fibrogenesis. Am J Pathol. 167:1243–1256. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
102	Musumeci G, Loreto C, Giunta S, Rapisarda V, Szychlinska MA, Imbesi R, Castorina A, Annese T, Castorina S, Castrogiovanni P, et al: Angiogenesis correlates with macrophage and mast cell infiltration in lung tissue of animals exposed to fluoro-edenite fibers. Exp Cell Res. 346:91–98. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
103	Cardile V, Lombardo L, Belluso E, Panico A, Renis M, Gianfagna A and Balazy M: Fluoro-edenite fibers induce expression of Hsp70 and inflammatory response. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 4:195–202. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI